Eternal Hope: The Story of Sr. Mary Luke Tobin and Other Women who Participated in Vatican Council II

Today the thought of having a church council with no consultation with women seems unimaginable, but in 1962 it was hardly noticed. Surprisingly, women were present at Vatican II although their presence took until the third session for this to occur. They were a minority among the 2,500 Catholic bishops who attended from around the world. Vatican II is the most significant event in Roman Catholic history since the Council of Trent (1545-1563), and women make up about half of the Roman Catholic Church’s membership, there is very little information available about the participation of women at these sessions. Sr. Mary Luke Tobin, S.L. was one of fifteen women (this later expanded to twenty-three before the end of the fourth session in 1965) who were invited to attend the third session of the Second Vatican Council. Her story, how the participation of women in the council came to be, what their contributions were in the council, and the output of the council in regard to women are intrinsic to developing an understanding of this council’s revolutionary effect on the role of women in the church

A Woman of the Reformation

Description of the Project: Katharina Schütz Zell (1497 or 8-1562) influenced Strasbourg, Germany and the surrounding area by her marriage to a clergyman, publishing a hymnal and other writings, and by serving as a strong advocate for those less fortunate than herself. By looking at some of her writings, the climate of the society in this period in regards to clerical marriage, and some of her acts of social activism, Katharina Schütz Zell will be proven to be a remarkable woman and most likely the only woman of this period in Strasbourg who had such a wide variety of contributions during this period of the Reformation

Studies on the characterization and regulation of two major nuclear pore complex proteins Nup98 and Nup96

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Deciphering why Salmonella Gallinarum is less invasive in vitro than Salmonella Enteritidis

International audienceSalmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Enteritidis are genetically closely related however associated with different pathologies. Several studies have suggested that S. Gallinarum is less invasive in vitro than S. Enteritidis. In this study we confirm that the S. Gallinarum strains tested were much less invasive than the S. Enteritidis strains tested in cells of avian or human origin. In addition, the S. Gallinarum T3SS-1-dependent ability to invade host cells was delayed by two to three hours compared to S. Enteritidis, indicating that T3SS-1-dependent entry is less efficient in S. Gallinarum than S. Enteritidis. This was neither due to a decreased transcription of T3SS-1 related genes when bacteria come into contact with cells, as transcription of hilA, invF and sipA was similar to that observed for S. Enteritidis, nor to a lack of functionality of the S. Gallinarum T3SS-1 apparatus as this apparatus was able to secrete and translocate effector proteins into host cells. In contrast, genome comparison of four S. Gallinarum and two S. Enteritidis strains revealed that all S. Gallinarum genomes displayed the same point mutations in each of the main T3SS-1 effector genes sipA, sopE, sopE2, sopD and sopA