Was ist Gesundheitspolitologie? Entwicklungsstand und Entwicklungspotenziale des politikwissenschaftlichen Beitrages zur Gesundheitssystemforschung

Die Gesundheitssystemforschung ist durch das Zusammenwirken unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen gekennzeichnet. Gleichwohl bringen diese durch eine kooperative Arbeitsteilung gemeinsame Forschungsergebnisse hervor. Die Politikwissenschaft ist bis heute in das wissenschaftliche Netzwerk der Gesundheitssystemforschung schlecht integriert. Während die Soziologie, die Medizin und die Ökonomie auf den Gegenstand Gesundheitssystem spezialisierte Subdisziplinen ausbildeten, und bei der Forschung eng kooperieren, finden Forschungsergebnisse der Politikwissenschaft bisher wenig Eingang. Die vorliegende Arbeit plädiert für eine Integration der Politikwissenschaft in die Gesundheitssystemforschung. Hierzu erscheint es erforderlich, wie die übrigen Disziplinen, eine spezifische Subdisziplin auszubilden. Wesentliche Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung der Gesundheitspolitologie sind die Definition des Forschungsgegenstandes und der Forschungsfragen. Hierzu soll dieser Aufsatz Vorschläge unterbreiten. -- Health systems research is characterized by a cooperation of various scientific disciplines producing joint research results through a division of labour. To this day, political science is poorly integrated into the scientific network of health systems research. Whereas, sociology, medicine, and economics cooperate closely, having created sub-disciplines specializing on the subject; the results of political science research have hardly impacted the field. This paper argues for an integration of political science into health systems research. For this purpose the creation of a specific sub-discipline is indispensable. A requirement for the development of a health politology is defining the object of research, the focus of this paper.

Der Setting-Ansatz in der Gesundheitsförderung: Genealogie, Konzeption, Praxis, Evidenzbasierung

Der Setting-Ansatz gilt in der Gesundheitsförderung als Schlüsselstrategie zur Umsetzung der Prinzipien der Ottawa-Charta. Er wird auf der einen Seite in großer Vielfalt praktisch realisiert und hat auf politischer Ebene Eingang in die Aktivitäten der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen zur Umsetzung des § 20 SGB V sowie die geplante Verabschiedung eines Präventionsgesetzes gefunden. Die konzeptionelle Basis des Setting-Ansatzes auf der anderen Seite ist geprägt durch eine Reihe von Unklarheiten, die sowohl die Definition und Eingrenzung von Settings, die zugrundeliegenden Wirkungstheorien als auch die methodischen Kernkomponenten wie Partizipation, Empowerment oder Strukturentwicklung betreffen. Eine Evidenzbasis des Setting-Ansatzes existiert aufgrund von vielfältigen Problemen der Evaluation und Verwertung der Ergebnisse noch nicht. Eine umfassende Darstellung des Diskurses über den Setting-Ansatz liegt in der Literatur ebenfalls noch nicht vor. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung und Zusammenführung der vorliegenden Erkenntnisse und Diskussionsstränge zu einem umfassenden Bild über die Hintergründe, den Status quo und die aktuellen Herausforderungen des Setting- Ansatzes in der Gesundheitsförderung. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Ansatzpunkte zur konzeptionellen Klärung und Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes. -- In the field of health promotion the settings-based approach is considered a key strategy for the implementation of the principles of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. On the one hand, this approach has been put into practice in a great variety of ways; it has become part of the activities of (statutory) insurance funds for the implementation of § 20 SGB (Sozialgesetzbuch / Social Code) V and has been integrated into the law on prevention now under consideration. On the other hand, there are a number of uncertainties with regard to the definition of settings, the theoretical basis of the effectiveness of the settings approach as well as its methodical key components like participation, empowerment or structural development. Due to various problems regarding the evaluation and exploitation of results this approach does not yet have an evidence basis. A general overview on the discourse of the approach does not yet exist either. This paper therefore aims to gather existing knowledge, expertise, and discussions on the topic to give an extensive picture of the background, the state of the art as well as the present challenges of this approach in health promotion. Attention focuses on starting points for a conceptual clarification and development of the concept.

Was ist Gesundheitspolitologie? Entwicklungsstand und Entwicklungspotenziale des politikwissenschaftlichen Beitrages zur Gesundheitssystemforschung

"Die Gesundheitssystemforschung ist durch das Zusammenwirken unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen gekennzeichnet. Gleichwohl bringen diese durch eine kooperative Arbeitsteilung gemeinsame Forschungsergebnisse hervor. Die Politikwissenschaft ist bis heute in das wissenschaftliche Netzwerk der Gesundheitssystemforschung schlecht integriert. Während die Soziologie, die Medizin und die Ökonomie auf den Gegenstand Gesundheitssystem spezialisierte Subdisziplinen ausbildeten, und bei der Forschung eng kooperieren, finden Forschungsergebnisse der Politikwissenschaft bisher wenig Eingang. Die vorliegende Arbeit plädiert für eine Integration der Politikwissenschaft in die Gesundheitssystemforschung. Hierzu erscheint es erforderlich, wie die übrigen Disziplinen, eine spezifische Subdisziplin auszubilden. Wesentliche Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung der 'Gesundheitspolitologie' sind die Definition des Forschungsgegenstandes und der Forschungsfragen. Hierzu soll dieser Aufsatz Vorschläge unterbreiten." (Autorenreferat)"Health systems research is characterized by a cooperation of various scientific disciplines producing joint research results through a division of labour. To this day, political science is poorly integrated into the scientific network of health systems research. Whereas, sociology, medicine, and economics cooperate closely, having created sub-disciplines specializing on the subject, the results of political science research have hardly impacted the field. This paper argues for an integration of political science into health systems research. For this purpose the creation of a specific sub-discipline is indispensable. A requirement for the development of a 'health politology' is defining the object of research, the focus of this paper." (author's abstract

Der Setting-Ansatz in der Gesundheitsförderung: Genealogie, Konzeption, Praxis, Evidenzbasierung

"Der Setting-Ansatz gilt in der Gesundheitsförderung als Schlüsselstrategie zur Umsetzung der Prinzipien der Ottawa-Charta. Er wird auf der einen Seite in großer Vielfalt praktisch realisiert und hat auf politischer Ebene Eingang in die Aktivitäten der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen zur Umsetzung des Paragr. 20 SGB V sowie die geplante Verabschiedung eines Präventionsgesetzes gefunden. Die konzeptionelle Basis des Setting-Ansatzes auf der anderen Seite ist geprägt durch eine Reihe von Unklarheiten, die sowohl die Definition und Eingrenzung von Settings, die zugrundeliegenden Wirkungstheorien als auch die methodischen Kernkomponenten wie Partizipation, Empowerment oder Strukturentwicklung betreffen. Eine Evidenzbasis des Setting-Ansatzes existiert aufgrund von vielfältigen Problemen der Evaluation und Verwertung der Ergebnisse noch nicht. Eine umfassende Darstellung des Diskurses über den Setting-Ansatz liegt in der Literatur ebenfalls noch nicht vor. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung und Zusammenführung der vorliegenden Erkenntnisse und Diskussionsstränge zu einem umfassenden Bild über die Hintergründe, den Status quo und die aktuellen Herausforderungen des Setting-Ansatzes in der Gesundheitsförderung. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Ansatzpunkte zur konzeptionellen Klärung und Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes." (Autorenreferat)"In the field of health promotion the settings-based approach is considered a key strategy for the implementation of the principles of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. On the one hand, this approach has been put into practice in a great variety of ways; it has become part of the activities of (statutory) insurance funds for the implementation of paragr. 20 SGB (Sozialgesetzbuch/ Social Code) V and has been integrated into the law on prevention now under consideration. On the other hand, there are a number of uncertainties with regard to the definition of 'settings', the theoretical basis of the effectiveness of the settings approach as well as its methodical key components like participation, empowerment or structural development. Due to various problems regarding the evaluation and exploitation of results this approach does not yet have an evidence basis. A general overview on the discourse of the approach does not yet exist either. This paper therefore aims to gather existing knowledge, expertise, and discussions on the topic to give an extensive picture of the background, the state of the art as well as the present challenges of this approach in health promotion. Attention focuses on starting points for a conceptual clarification and development of the concept." (author's abstract

Text Simplification of Scientific Texts for Non-Expert Readers

Reading levels are highly individual and can depend on a text's language, a person's cognitive abilities, or knowledge on a topic. Text simplification is the task of rephrasing a text to better cater to the abilities of a specific target reader group. Simplification of scientific abstracts helps non-experts to access the core information by bypassing formulations that require domain or expert knowledge. This is especially relevant for, e.g., cancer patients reading about novel treatment options. The SimpleText lab hosts the simplification of scientific abstracts for non-experts (Task 3) to advance this field. We contribute three runs employing out-of-the-box summarization models (two based on T5, one based on PEGASUS) and one run using ChatGPT with complex phrase identification.Comment: Paper accepted at SimpleText@CLEF'23, 12 pages, 1 Figure, 4 Table

Uncertainty Quantification for Atlas-Level Cell Type Transfer

Single-cell reference atlases are large-scale, cell-level maps that capture cellular heterogeneity within an organ using single cell genomics. Given their size and cellular diversity, these atlases serve as high-quality training data for the transfer of cell type labels to new datasets. Such label transfer, however, must be robust to domain shifts in gene expression due to measurement technique, lab specifics and more general batch effects. This requires methods that provide uncertainty estimates on the cell type predictions to ensure correct interpretation. Here, for the first time, we introduce uncertainty quantification methods for cell type classification on single-cell reference atlases. We benchmark four model classes and show that currently used models lack calibration, robustness, and actionable uncertainty scores. Furthermore, we demonstrate how models that quantify uncertainty are better suited to detect unseen cell types in the setting of atlas-level cell type transfer.Comment: Workshop paper at the 2022 ICML Workshop on Computational Biolog

Seasonal variability of heterogeneous ice formation in stratiform clouds over the Amazon Basin

Based on 11months of polarization lidar observations in the Amazon Basin near Manaus, Brazil (2.3°S, 60°W), the relationship between temperature and heterogeneous ice formation efficiency in stratiform clouds was evaluated in the cloud top temperature range between -40 and 0°C. Between -30 and 0°C, ice-containing clouds are a factor of 1.5 to 2 more frequent during the dry season. Free-tropospheric aerosol backscatter profiles revealed a twofold to tenfold increase in aerosol load during the dry season and a Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate - Interim Implementation reanalysis data set implies that the aerosol composition during the dry season is strongly influenced by biomass burning aerosol, whereas other components such as mineral dust do not vary strongly between the seasons. The injection of smoke accompanied by the likely dispersion of biological material, soil dust, or ash particles was identified as a possible source for the increased ice formation efficiency during the dry season. Key Points A unique 1year stratiform cloud data set was obtained for the Amazon Basin During the dry season, ice forms more efficient than during the wet season Biomass burning aerosols must be the source of ice nuclei during the dry season

Spallation of Iron in Black Hole Accretion Flows

In the local Galactic interstellar medium there is approximate energy equipartition between cosmic rays, magnetic fields and radiation. If this holds in the central regions of AGN, in particular Seyfert galaxies, then consideral nuclear spallation of Fe occurs, resulting in enhanced abundances of the sub-Fe elements Ti, V, Cr and Mn. These elements produce a cluster of X-ray flourescence lines at energies just below the 6.4 keV Fe-K$\alpha$ line. It is suggested that the red wings on the Fe lines observed with ASCA from various Seyfert AGN are due to the unresolved line emission from these elements. Future observations with more sensitive X-ray instruments should resolve these lines. The estimated gamma ray emission from nuclear deexcitation and neutral pion production is calculated and found to be below the sensitivities of any current instruments. However, very luminous nearby Seyferts displaying Fe lines with red wings would have $>100$ MeV continuum emission detectable by future instruments such as GLAST.Comment: 11 pages, Latex, requires AASTEX macros, 5 postscript figures, Astrophysical Journal in pres

A randomised controlled trial of a family-group cognitive-behavioural (FGCB) preventive intervention for the children of parents with depression: short-term effects on symptoms and possible mechanisms

OBJECTIVE Parental depression is one of the biggest risk factors for youth depression. This parallel randomized controlled trial evaluates the effectiveness of the German version of the family-group-cognitive-behavioral (FGCB) preventive intervention for children of depressed parents. METHODS Families with (i) a parent who has experienced depression and (ii) a healthy child aged 8-17~years (mean = 11.63; 53% female) were randomly allocated (blockwise; stratified by child age and parental depression) to the 12-session intervention (EG; n = 50) or no intervention (CG; usual care; n = 50). Self-reported (unblinded) outcomes were assessed immediately after the intervention (6~months). We hypothesized that CG children would show a greater increase in self-reported symptoms of depression (DIKJ) and internalising/externalising disorder (YSR/CBCL) over time compared to the EG. Intervention effects on secondary outcome variables emotion regulation (FEEL-KJ), attributional style (ASF-KJ), knowledge of depression and parenting style (ESI) were also expected. Study protocol (Belinda Platt, Pietsch, Krick, Oort, & Schulte-Körne, 2014) and trial registration (NCT02115880) reported elsewhere. RESULTS We found significant intervention effects on self-reported internalising (Formula: see text = 0.05) and externalising (Formula: see text = 0.08) symptoms but did not detect depressive symptoms or parent-reported psychopathology. Parental depression severity did not modify these effects. Both groups showed equally improved knowledge of depression (Formula: see text = 0.06). There were no intervention effects on emotion regulation, attributional style or parenting style. CONCLUSION The German version of the FGCB intervention is effective in reducing symptoms of general psychopathology. There was no evidence that the mechanisms targeted in the intervention changed within the intervention period

Malleable Curie Temperatures of Natural Titanomagnetites: Occurrences, Modes, and Mechanisms

Abstract Intermediate-composition titanomagnetites have Curie temperatures (Tc) that depend not only on composition but also on thermal history, with increases of 100°C or more in Tc produced by moderate-temperature (300–400°C) annealing in the laboratory or in slow natural cooling and comparable decreases produced by more rapid cooling (“quenching”) from higher temperatures. New samples spanning a range of titanomagnetite compositions exhibit reversible changes in Tc comparable to those previously documented for pyroclastic samples from Mt. St. Helens and Novarupta. Additional high- and low-temperature measurements help to shed light on the nanoscale mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in Tc. High-T hysteresis measurements exhibit a peak in high-field slope khf(T) at the Curie temperature, and the peak magnitude decreases as Tc increases with annealing. Sharp changes in low-T magnetic behavior are also strongly affected by prior annealing or quenching, suggesting that these treatments affect the intrasite cation distributions. We have examined the effects of oxidation state and nonstoichiometry on the magnitude of Tc changes produced by quenching/annealing in different atmospheres. Treatments in air generally cause large changes (ΔTc \u3e 100°). In an inert atmosphere, the changes are similar in many samples but strongly diminished in others. When the samples are embedded in a reducing material, ΔTc becomes insignificant. These results strongly suggest that cation vacancies play an essential role in the cation rearrangements responsible for the observed changes in Tc. Some form of octahedral-site chemical clustering or short-range ordering appears to be the best way to explain the large observed changes in Tc