Influence of production methods and transport distances on the Greenhouse Gas-Balance of organic apple juice

Organic farming is the most adequate system for the production of food and other agricultural 9 products to sustain ecological and environmental sources. Ecologically produced foods are 10 becoming more and more popular; accordingly, the demand for organic products is growing. In 11 addition to the renunciation of the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, the philosophy of 12 this type of food production includes as well the benefits of seasonal and regional goods such 13 as short ways of production and distribution. 14 In the present study the total emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the production of 15 organic apple juice from two different regions were investigated. The goal of the analysis is to 16 clarify whether extensive agricultural production methods in terms of the degree of 17 mechanisation used in the cultivation of apples have a greater influence on the total emissions 18 produced by the apple juice value-added chain in comparison to potentially longer 19 transportation distances to the fruit processing company. For this reason organic apples from 20 Germany’s “Altes Land” region were compared with organic apples from the Southern 21 Carpathians (Romania) under the restriction that the pressing of the fruits takes place in a 22 German facility. The apples from “Altes Land” region are produced with highly mechanised 23 production methods and are due to the restriction comparatively nearby to the fruit processing 24 plant. In contrast the apples from the Southern Carpathians are produced primarily by hand, but 25 need long-distance transports to the German fruit processing plant. 26 The scope of the investigation was the whole value-added chain from the cultivation of the 27 apples to the delivery of the juice to the retailer, whereby the emissions of the respective 28 upstream chain were analysed in addition to the direct emissions. Despite the very extensive 29 agricultural cultivation methods used in the Southern Carpathians, which could be assumed not 2 30 to produce any GHG emissions, the apple juice from these apples were associated with higher 31 total emissions (782 g CO2e/l apple juice) than apples from the “Altes Land“ region 32 (630 g CO2e/l apple juice). The reason for this is the long distance over which the Romanian 33 apples needed to be transported to the fruit processing plant, which exceeded the GHG 34 emissions saved during the apple cultivation in this region. Another result of this study made 35 clear that the post-harvest processing produced the greatest amount of GHG emissions in the 36 apple juice value-added chain (more than 50%.apple juice production, greenhouse gas balance, transportation, organic farming, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis,

Interprofessional Collaboration: The Experience of Nursing and Medical Students’ Interprofessional Education

In this hermeneutic phenomenological study, we examined the experience of interprofessional collaboration from the perspective of nursing and medical students. Seventeen medical and nursing students from two different universities participated in the study. We used guiding questions in face-to-face, conversational interviews to explore students’ experience and expectations of interprofessional collaboration within learning situations. Three themes emerged from the data: the great divide, learning means content, and breaking the ice. The findings suggest that the experience of interprofessional collaboration within learning events is influenced by the natural clustering of shared interests among students. Furthermore, the carry-forward of impressions about physician–nurse relationships prior to the educational programs and during clinical placements dominate the formation of new relationships and acquisition of new knowledge about roles, which might have implications for future practice

Nuclear–Electron Correlation Effects and Their Photoelectron Imprint in Molecular XUV Ionisation

The ionisation of molecules by attosecond XUV pulses is accompanied by complex correlated dynamics, such as the creation of coherent electron wave packets in the parent ion, their interplay with nuclear wave packets, and a correlated photoelectron moving in a multi-centred potential. Additionally, these processes are influenced by the dynamics prior to and during the ionisation. To fully understand and subsequently control the ionisation process on different time scales, a profound understanding of electron and nuclear correlation is needed. Here, we investigate the effect of nuclear–electron correlation in a correlated two-electron and one-nucleus quantum model system. Solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation allows to monitor the correlation impact pre, during, and post-XUV ionisation. We show how an initial nuclear wave packet displaced from equilibrium influences the post-ionisation dynamics by means of momentum conservation between the target and parent ion, whilst the attosecond electron population remains largely unaffected. We calculate time-resolved photoelectron spectra and their asymmetries and demonstrate how the coupled electron–nuclear dynamics are imprinted on top of electron–electron correlation on the photoelectron properties. Finally, our findings give guidelines towards when correlation resulting effects have to be incorporated and in which instances the exact correlation treatment can be neglected

Applicability of Neural Networks for Driving Style Classification and Maneuver Detection

Maneuver and driving style detection are of ongoing interest for the extension of vehicle's functionalities. Existing machine learning approaches require extensive sensor data and demand for high computational power. For vehicle onboard implementation, poorly generalizing rule-based approaches are currently state of the art. Not being restricted to neither comprehensive environmental sensors like camera or radar, nor high computing power (both of what is today only present in upper class' vehicles), our approach allows for cross-vehicle use: In this work, the applicability of small artificial neural networks (ANN) as efficient detectors is tested using a prototypal vehicle implementation. During test drives, overtaking maneuvers have been detected 1.2 s prior to the competing rule-based approach in average, also greatly improving the detection performance. Regarding driving style recognition, ANN-based results are closer to targets and more patient at driving style transitions. A recognition rate of over 75 % is achieved

Designing an L-THIA Model for ArcGIS 10.2 Using Python 2.7

L-THIA (Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis) is a mature model available as a spreadsheet, a web-based spatial model and as an add-in to the popular geographic information system (GIS) software system ArcGIS 10. The model generally has a method to determine an area of analysis such as a watershed, and then populates the watershed with data on soil and landuse. The model generally requires precipitation data for a long term and uses assumptions about the relationship between landuse, soil, and the chemistry of surface runoff passing across the various landscapes. Input data are landuse and soil map layers and long-term precipitatio

Ultracold chemical reactions of a single Rydberg atom in a dense gas

Within a dense environment ($\rho \approx 10^{14}\,$atoms/cm$^3$) at ultracold temperatures ($T < 1\,\mu{}\text{K}$), a single atom excited to a Rydberg state acts as a reaction center for surrounding neutral atoms. At these temperatures almost all neutral atoms within the Rydberg orbit are bound to the Rydberg core and interact with the Rydberg atom. We have studied the reaction rate and products for $nS$ $^{87}$Rb Rydberg states and we mainly observe a state change of the Rydberg electron to a high orbital angular momentum $l$, with the released energy being converted into kinetic energy of the Rydberg atom. Unexpectedly, the measurements show a threshold behavior at $n\approx 100$ for the inelastic collision time leading to increased lifetimes of the Rydberg state independent of the densities investigated. Even at very high densities ($\rho\approx4.8\times 10^{14}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$), the lifetime of a Rydberg atom exceeds $10\,\mu\text{s}$ at $n > 140$ compared to $1\,\mu\text{s}$ at $n=90$. In addition, a second observed reaction mechanism, namely Rb$_2^+$ molecule formation, was studied. Both reaction products are equally probable for $n=40$ but the fraction of Rb$_2^+$ created drops to below 10$\,$% for $n\ge90$.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figure