The Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors in Periodontitis Immunopathogenesis: Peran Faktor Virulensi Porphyromonas Gingivalis pada Imunopatogenesis Periodontitis)

Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic Gram-negative oral bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontitis is an infection that is characterized by damage to the supporting tissues of the teeth so that it can cause tooth loss if not given treatment. P. gingivalis locally can invade periodontal tissue and avoid host defense mechanisms. This bacterium has virulence factors which can cause deregulation of innate immune responses and inflammation in the host. The role of P. gingivalis virulence factors such as capsules, fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, and gingipain in the pathogenesis of periodontitis will be discussed in this paper

Pertimbangan Penggunaan Implan Gigi pada Lansia

Saat ini terjadi perkembangan populasi lansia di Indonesia sehingga isu kesehatan lansia merupakan sesuatu yangesensial. Lansia adalah individu yang telah mengalami proses menua sehingga terjadi berbagai perubahan biologispada tubuhnya, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap penurunan fungsi organ. Kehilangan gigi adalah salah satu masalahyang umum pada lansia sehingga kebutuhan untuk pemasangan gigi tiruan merupakan hal penting yang perludiperhatikan masyarakat kelompok lansia. Implan gigi tiruan merupakan salah satu alternatif pengganti kehilangangigi yang memiliki banyak keuntungan dibandingkan gigi tiruan lain. Namun perlu disadari bahwa penggunaan implangigi memiliki pertimbangan-pertimbangan kondisi rongga mulut dan sistemik tertentu untuk menunjang keberhasilanperawatan. Pemahaman mengenai terjadinya proses menua dan hubungannya dengan pertimbangan penggunaanimplan sangat penting untuk diperhatikan oleh klinisi sebelum merencanakan perawatan, terutama berkaitan denganperubahan pada sistem pertahanan tubuh yang terjadi seiring proses menua

Effects of Autolog Saliva on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Caries and Caries-free Subjects

Saliva and Streptococcus mutans play role in biofilm formation. Saliva and S.mutans virulence are different between subjects with and without caries. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of autolog saliva on biofilm formation of S. mutans isolated from caries and caries-free subjects. Materials and Methods: Saliva and plaque samples are obtained from caries and caries-free subjects. Plaque samples were cultured on TYS20B for 3 days. Selected colonies were picked and cultured on TSB for 3 days. After colony counting, biofilm assay was conducted and inoculated for one day. The biofilm was tested using crystal violet binding assay and quantified by measuring the optical density at 655 nm wavelength. Result: The optical density of S. muttans biofilm isolated from subjects with caries were different from taste with no caries. Biofilm formation of S. muttans isolated from caries and caries-free subjects with and without the presence of autolog saliva were different. Conclusion: Autolog saliva influences S. mutans biofilm formation and there is a tendency that is higher than those from subjects with no caries.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v17i2.4

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF 0.2% CHLORHEXIDINE AND 1% CHITOSAN MOUTHWASH ON BACTERIA DURING ORTHODONTIC MINISCREW USE

Objective: Inflammation is one of the most common complications observed when using orthodontic miniscrews. Chlorhexidine mouthwash can beused to prevent and reduce the degree of inflammation, but long-term use of this solution may lead to some side effects. This study sought to evaluatethe peri-miniscrew antibacterial effect of 1% chitosan, a biomaterial with antibacterial properties, relative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.Methods: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at the Dental Teaching Hospital and Oral Biology Research Laboratory at theUniversity of Indonesia from February to June 2019. Thirty subjects (25 females and five males) were randomly assigned to rinse with 1% chitosan(n=10), 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (n=10), and Aquadest (n=10) in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedure for 4 days. Peri-miniscrewclinical inflammation signs were recorded and peri-miniscrew plaque collected before and after 4 days of rinsing. The total bacterial and red-complexbacteria count in plaque samples were evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Chitosan and chlorhexidine showed antibacterial activity, reducing total bacterial count around orthodontic miniscrews (p<0.05). Theantibacterial activity of chitosan on total bacteria was not significantly different from that of chlorhexidine (p≥0.05). Regarding the antibacterialactivity of chitosan on red-complex bacteria, the best result seen was a 58% bacteria count reduction in Tannerella denticola.Conclusion: Chitosan has potential antibacterial activity and could be used in mouthwash to maintain peri-miniscrew hygiene

Antigen Presentation Ability of Salmonella Carrying DNA Vaccine Model and MCP-3 gene

The objective of this study is to determine the antigen presentation ability of a DNA vaccine model that is co-delivered with that of recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM1) expressing chemokine macrophage chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3). The DNA vaccine, pVROVA, was constructed by amplification of the ovalbumin coding region from sOVA-C1. Dendritic cells (DCs) were obtained from IL-4 and GMCSF stimulated mouse bone marrow stem cell. Cultured DCs were incubated with STM1 carrying a model ovalbumin gene (pVROVA). Furthermore, MHC class I antigen presentation of a dominant OVA peptide was assayed in vitro. The experiments were designed to determine the effect of co-delivering MCP-3 with that of ovalbumin in STM1. Our results show that a plasmid pROVA-carrying ovalbumin gene was succesfully constructed and sequence analysis of the ovalbumin-coding revealed an identity match of 100% with that of the chicken ovalbumin DNA sequences from the GenBank database. We also found that the presence of the MCP-3 encoding plasmid in STM1 or E. coli DH1 could increase the recovery of both STM1 and E. coli DH1 over those that carry the empty plasmids. Antigen presentation assay also indicates that MCP-3 can positively influence the presentation of ovalbumin. Conclusion: the infection of DCs by STM1-carrying DNA vaccine and MCP-3 results in an increase of processing and presentation of ovalbumin in vitro. Keywords : DNA vaccine, MCP-3, APC, Salmonella, Dendritic cell

Isolation and Identification of Indonesian Lactobacillus reuteri strain from Saliva of Young Adults

Background: Biofilms are involved in a wide variety of microbial infections, including dental caries and periodontitis. The use of probiotics has been a promising prevention and treatment modality with which to combat biofilm-related diseases in the oral cavity. The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has been proven to reduce gingivitis and plaque index inside the oral cavity. These bacteria can be found in the digestive system and also in the human oral cavity. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify L. reuteri in the saliva of Indonesian young adults. Methods: Forty saliva samples were collected from 18–24 year-old Indonesian subjects. DNA extraction was performed, and then, the identification of L. reuteri was accomplished using PCR. Six subjects showed positive results. The positive samples were cultured in Rogosa Agar for 24 hours at 37°C anaerobically. Several single colonies were further cultured separately in broth medium before DNA extraction and PCR identification were performed. The four thickest bands were selected for DNA sequencing. Results: An analysis performed using BLAST showed that two of the L. reuteri strains obtained from the Indonesian saliva isolates had 96% (isolate 3.11) and 95% (isolate 5.14) values. This confirmed the presence of new strains based on average nucleotide identity (ANI). The isolate strains of 3.11 and 5.14 have been registered at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number LC382415 and LC382416, respectively. Conclusion: L. reuteri novel strain can be isolated from the saliva of Indonesian young adults.  Further studies involving biochemical tests and phenotypic analysis are needed to better understand these new L. reuteri strains

THE EFFECT OF CASEIN PHOSPHOPEPTIDE-AMORPHOUS CALCIUM PHOSPHATE-PROPOLIS CHEWING GUM ON CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE ION LEVELS IN CARIES-FREE SUBJECT'S SALIVA AND STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION

 Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the amount of calcium and phosphate ion released by casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), which supports the remineralization and the effectiveness of propolis wax in suppressing the mass formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm on caries-free subjects and to observe if these two active components are effective when combined into one substance and placed inside sugar-free chewing gum.Methods: Twenty-five samples of caries-free saliva before and after the mastication simulation (five concentrations of chewing gum) in vitro were observed to check for release of calcium and phosphate ions along with a biofilm assay. The release of calcium ions was detected using AAS, the release of phosphate ions was detected using spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible, and the biofilm assay was detected using a crystal violet 96-well plate ELISA and was evaluated with an ELISA reader.Result: Chewing gum with a concentration of 0% prop + 5% CPP-ACP showed the highest release level of calcium ions (p<0.05) and phosphate ions (p>0.05) and is significant in suppressing the mass formation of the S. mutans biofilm (p<0.05).Conclusions: Mastication simulation of CPP-ACP-Propolis chewing gum can increase calcium and phosphate ion levels in caries-free saliva and decrease S. mutans biofilm mass formation; this can support remineralization and becomes a dental caries prevention alternative

THE EFFECT OF MOUTHWASH COMBINATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN-Y ANTI-COMD STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND CHITOSAN ON THE FORMATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies as a dental caries vaccine by utilizingIgY specific to the quorum-sensing signaling receptor ComD of Streptococcus mutans combined with chitosan in the form of mouthwash.Methods: The effects of a mouthwash containing IgY anti-ComD S. mutans with and without chitosan on biofilm-forming isolates of S. mutans wereinvestigated. Subjects were assigned to rinsing twice daily for 6 days with 15–20 ml mouthwash solution for 30 s. Biofilm formation of S mutansisolated from the patiens was measured using a crystal violet method to determine the optical density at 490 nm.Results: The results indicated that mouthwash containing IgY anti-ComD S. mutans and chitosan significantly enhanced the biofilm formation ofS. mutans. In mouthwash containing IgY anti-ComD S. mutans without chitosan, a reduction in biofilm formation was observed; however, this was notstatistically significant.Conclusions: The mouthwash combination of IgY anti-ComD S. mutans and chitosan enhanced the biofilm formation ability of S. mutans isolated fromcaries and caries-free subjects. Further, research is needed to determine the appropriate concentrations of IgY anti-ComD S. mutans and chitosanrequired to effectively inhibit dental caries

Genotyping analysis of the Pax9 Gene in patients with maxillary canine impaction [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Paired-box gene 9 (PAX9) mutation is potentially associated with impaction in some patient populations. Here, we analyzed the relationship between PAX9 polymorphism and the occurrence of maxillary canine impaction. Methods: Patients with and without maxillary canine impaction were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, and samples of genomic DNA were obtained from a buccal mucosa swab. DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for further bioinformatics analysis to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Genotype and allele counting was performed in both case and control groups prior to conducting statistical analysis. Results: Four SNPs were identified in patients with maxillary canine impaction, with relative confidence determined based on chromatogram-peak assessment. All SNPs were located in exon 3 of PAX9 and in the region sequenced by the primer pair −197Fex3 and +28Rex3. Three of the SNPs (rs375436662, rs12881240, and rs4904210) were reported previously and are annotated in NCBI (dbSNP version 150), whereas another SNP mapped to chromosome 14 has not been reported. Patients with a CC genotype at SNP 3 [odds ratio (OR): 2.61 vs. TT; 1.28 vs. CT] and a CC genotype at SNP 4 [OR: 0.71 vs. GG; 0.79 vs. CG] were more likely to have maxillary canine impaction. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the presence of SNPs 3 and 4 is associated with increased likelihood of suffering from maxillary canine impaction

Vaccine: From Conventional To Plasmid Dna Borne Vaccine

ABSTRAK Vaksinologi adalah salah salu cabang irrfiu kedokleran yang paling berperan pada penanganan penyakit-penyalit yang sulk\u27 disembahkan dan dengan rnenakjubkan dapat meningkatkan usia hidup mannsia pada dua abed terakhir ini. PaCa makaiah ini akan dibahas vaksin dalarn kaitannya dengan stratcgi pengembangennya saga kemajuan penelitian yang telah dicapat sejak diternakannya sampai pada \u27clinical trial- dan diharapkan tidak lama lagi ada vaksin DNA yang teregistrasi. Kata krinciVaksin, Vaksin DN