European Economies in the First Epoch of Imperialism and Mercantilism. 1415-1846.

The costs and benefits of European Imperialism from the conquest of Ceuta, 1415, to the Treaty of Lusaka, 1974.Twelfth International Economic History Congress. Madrid, 1998.Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura (eds.)Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaJorge M. Pedreira. «To Have and To Have not». The Economic Consequences of Empire: Portugal (1415-1822).-- Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla. The American Empire and the Spanish Economy: An Institutional and Regional Perspective.-- Pieter C. Emmer. The Economic Impact of the Dutch Expansion Overseas, 1570-1870.-- Paul Butel and François Crouzet. Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France.-- Stanley L. Engerman. British Imperialism in a Mercantilist Age, 1492-1849: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Problems.Publicad

Effect of first pass reperfusion on outcome in patients with posterior circulation ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: First pass reperfusion (FPR), that is, excellent reperfusion (expanded treatment in cerebral ischemia (eTICI) 2C-3) in one pass, after endovascular treatment (EVT) of an occluded artery in the anterior circulation, is associated with favorable clinical outcome, even when compared with multiple pass excellent reperfusion (MPR). In patients with posterior circulation ischemic stroke (PCS), the same association is expected, but currently unknown. We aimed to assess characteristics associated with FPR and the influence of FPR versus MPR on outcomes in patients with PCS. METHODS: We used data from the MR CLEAN Registry, a prospective observational study. The effect of FPR on 24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, as percentage reduction, and on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 3 months, was tested with linear and ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 224 patients with PCS, 45 patients had FPR, 47 had MPR, and 90 had no excellent reperfusion (eTICI <2C). We did not find an association between any of the patient, imaging, or treatment characteristics and FPR. FPR was associated with better NIHSS (-45% (95% CI: -65% to -12%)) and better mRS scores (adjusted common odds ratio (acOR): 2.16 (95% CI: 1.23 to 3.79)) compared with no FPR. Outcomes after FPR were also more favorable compared with MPR, but the effect was smaller and not statistically significant (NIHSS: -14% (95% CI: -51% to 49%), mRS acOR: 1.50 (95% CI: 0.75 to 3.00)). CONCLUSIONS: FPR in patients with PCS is associated with favorable clinical outcome in comparison with no FPR. In comparison with MPR, the effect of FPR was no longer statistically significant. Nevertheless, our data support the notion that FPR should be the treatment target to pursue in every patient treated with EVT

Acute Endovascular Treatment of Patients With Ischemic Stroke From Intracranial Large Vessel Occlusion and Extracranial Carotid Dissection

Introduction: Carotid artery dissection (CAD) and atherosclerotic carotid artery occlusion (ACAO) are major causes of a tandem occlusion in patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion (LVO). Presence of tandem occlusions may hamper intracranial access and potentially increases the risk of procedural complications of endovascular treatment (EVT). Our aim was to assess neurological, functional and technical outcome and complications of EVT for intracranial LVO in patients with CAD in comparison to patients with ACAO and to patients without CAD or ACAO.Methods: We analyzed data of the MR CLEAN trial intervention arm and MR CLEAN Registry, acquired in 16 Dutch EVT-centers. Primary outcome was the change in stroke severity by comparing the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at 24–48 h after treatment vs. baseline. Secondary outcomes included reperfusion rate and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). We compared outcomes and complications between patients with CAD vs. patients with ACAO and patients without CAD or ACAO.Results: In total, we identified 74 (4.7%) patients with CAD, 92 (5.9%) patients with ACAO and 1398 (89.4%) patients without CAD or ACAO. Neurological improvement at short-term after EVT in patients with CAD was significantly better compared to ACAO (resp. mean −5 vs. mean −1 NIHSS point; p = 0.03) and did not differ compared to patients without CAD or ACAO (−4 NIHSS points; p = 0.62). Rates of successful reperfusion in patients with CAD (47%) was comparable to patients with ACAO (47%; p = 1.00), but was less often achieved compared to patients without CAD or ACAO (58%; p = 0.08). Occurrence of sICH did not differ significantly between CAD patients (5%) and ACAO (11%; p = 0.33) or without CAD/ACAO (6%; p = 1.00).Conclusion: EVT in patients with intracranial LVO due to CAD results in neurological improvement comparable to patients without tandem occlusions. Therefore, carotid artery dissection by itself should not be a contraindication for endovascular treatment in stroke patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion. Although more challenging endovascular procedures are to be suspected in both patients with CAD or ACAO, accurate distinction between CAD and ACAO might influence clinical decision making as better clinical outcome can be expected in patients with CAD

Acute Endovascular Treatment of Patients With lschemic Stroke From Intracranial Large Vessel Occlusion and Extracranial Carotid Dissection

Introduction: Carotid artery dissection (CAD) and atherosclerotic carotid artery occlusion (ACAO) are major causes of a tandem occlusion in patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion (LVO). Presence of tandem occlusions may hamper intracranial access and potentially increases the risk of procedural complications of endovascular treatment (EVT). Our aim was to assess neurological, functional and technical outcome and complications of EVT for intracranial LVO in patients with CAD in comparison to patients with ACAO and to patients without CAD or ACAO. Methods: We analyzed data of the MR CLEAN trial intervention arm and MR CLEAN Registry, acquired in 16 Dutch EVT-centers. Primary outcome was the change in stroke severity by comparing the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at 24-48 h after treatment vs. baseline. Secondary outcomes included reperfusion rate and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). We compared outcomes and complications between patients with CAD vs. patients with ACAO and patients without CAD or ACAO. Results: In total, we identified 74 (4.7%) patients with CAD, 92 (5.9%) patients with ACAO and 1398 (89.4%) patients without CAD or ACAO. Neurological improvement at short-term after EVT in patients with CAD was significantly better compared to ACAO (raw mean -5 vs. mean -1 NIHSS point; p = 0.03) and did not differ compared to patients without CAD or ACAO (-4 NIHSS points; p = 0.62). Rates of successful reperfusion in patients with CAD (47%) was comparable to patients with ACAO (47%; p = 1.00), but was less often achieved compared to patients without CAD or ACAO (58%; p = 0.08). Occurrence of sICH did not differ significantly between CAD patients (5%) and ACAO (11%; p = 0.33) or without CAD/ACAO (6%; p = 1.00). Conclusion: EVT in patients with intracranial LVO due to CAD results in neurological improvement comparable to patients without tandem occlusions. Therefore, carotid artery dissection by itself should not be a contraindication for endovascular treatment in stroke patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion. Although more challenging endovascular procedures are to be suspected in both patients with CAD or ACAO, accurate distinction between CAD and ACAO might influence clinical decision making as better clinical outcome can be expected in patients with CAD

Drescher (Seymour). Econocide, British Slavery in the Era of Abolition

Emmer P. C. Drescher (Seymour). Econocide, British Slavery in the Era of Abolition. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 57, fasc. 3, 1979. Langues et littératures modernes — Moderne taal- en letterkunde. pp. 732-735

Colloques et congrès

Emmer Pieter C. Colloques et congrès. In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 65, n°239, 2e trimestre 1978. pp. 254-255

Ehrard (Jean) et Morineau (Michel) (eds.). Malouet (1740-1814). Actes du colloque des 30 novembre et 1er décembre 1989 publiés en collaboration avec la Revue d'Auvergne

Emmer P. C. Ehrard (Jean) et Morineau (Michel) (eds.). Malouet (1740-1814). Actes du colloque des 30 novembre et 1er décembre 1989 publiés en collaboration avec la Revue d'Auvergne. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 70, fasc. 4, 1992. Histoire médiévale, moderne et contemporaine — Middeleeuwse, moderne en hedendaagse geschiedenis. pp. 1091-1092

Surinam and the Decline of the Dutch Slave Trade

The abolition of the Dutch slave trade in 1814 was an easy victory for the government, imposing that measure. There were no protests heard, as in England and France, because the Dutch slave trade had already corne to an almost complete standstill during the 18th century. Vis-à-vis the flourishing British and French slave trade the decline of the Dutch calls for an answer to the question : why ? Comparing the fluctuations in the volume of slaves, carried by Dutch slavers to Surinam and the fluctuations in Dutch investments in Surinam plantation-loans, it becomes clear that the Dutch slave trade had become completely dependent upon the buying-power of the Surinam planters during the 18th century. After a crash on the Amsterdam stock-exchange and a subsequent end to the flow of loans to Surinam the Dutch slave trade was unable to operate any further. The sudden drop in interest in Surinam among the Dutch investors was caused by the relatively small output of the Surinam plantations in relation to the output of the French West Indian plantations. Since the Surinam sugar and coffee was not protected on the Dutch market, these products were in constant compétition with the sugar and coffee of the French West Indies. This situation pushed the prices down and affected the profitability of the Surinam plantations. The Dutch investors found out that their returns on the Surinam plantation-loans did not corne up to their expectations.L'abolition de la traite négrière aux Pays-Bas en 1814 ne donna pas lieu à une bataille difficile pour le gouvernement qui imposa cette mesure. Il n'y eut pas de protestations, comme en Angleterre ou en France, car la traite hollandaise s'était presque entièrement tarie au cours du XVIIIe siècle. Comment s'explique ce déclin, en face de la prospérité de la traite anglaise et française ? Si l'on compare les fluctuations dans le nombre d'esclaves transportés par des négriers hollandais à Surinam aux fluctuations des investissements hollandais dans les plantations surinamiennes, on comprend que la traite hollandaise dépendait entièrement du pouvoir d'achat des planteurs surinamiens au XVIIIe siècle. Après le krach de la Bourse d'Amsterdam, qui entraîna l'arrêt des prêts aux planteurs de Surinam, la traite hollandaise ne pouvait plus subsister. La chute brutale de l'intérêt des investisseurs hollandais pour Surinam s'explique par le produit relativement faible des plantations surinamiennes comparé à celui des plantations des Antilles françaises. Comme le sucre et le café de Surinam n'étaient pas protégés sur le marché hollandais ces produits étaient en perpétuelle compétition avec le sucre et le café des Antilles françaises, d'où une baisse des prix qui affecta le rendement financier des plantations surinamiennes. Les investisseurs hollandais constatèrent que les intérêts de leurs prêts aux planteurs de Surinam n'étaient pas à la hauteur de leurs espérances.Emmer Pieter C. Surinam and the Decline of the Dutch Slave Trade. In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 62, n°226-227, 1er et 2e trimestres 1975. La traite des Noirs par l'Atlantique : nouvelles approches. pp. 245-251