Generating Text from Anonymised Structures

International audienceSurface realisation maps a meaning representation (MR) to a text, usually a single sentence. In this paper, we introduce a new parallel dataset of deep meaning representations and French sentences and we present a novel method for MR-to-text generation which seeks to generalise by abstracting away from lexical content. Most current work on natural language generation focuses on generating text that matches a reference using BLEU as evaluation criteria. In this paper, we additionally consider the model's ability to reintroduce the function words that are absent from the deep input meaning representations. We show that our approach increases both BLEU score and the scores used to assess function words generation

Generating Text from Anonymised Structures

International audienceSurface realisation maps a meaning representation (MR) to a text, usually a single sentence. In this paper, we introduce a new parallel dataset of deep meaning representations and French sentences and we present a novel method for MR-to-text generation which seeks to generalise by abstracting away from lexical content. Most current work on natural language generation focuses on generating text that matches a reference using BLEU as evaluation criteria. In this paper, we additionally consider the model's ability to reintroduce the function words that are absent from the deep input meaning representations. We show that our approach increases both BLEU score and the scores used to assess function words generation

Analyse de la dégradation thermique du Poly(éther éther cétone)

The thermal degradation of PEEK has been studied in rubbery state in wide ranges of temperature (between 180 and 320 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (between 0.21 and 50 bars). First of all, the thermal ageing mechanisms have been analysed and elucidated by FTIR spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on sufficiently thin PEEK films (between 10 and 60 μm thickness) to be totally free of the effects of oxygen diffusion. Oxidation occurs on aromatic rings causing the growth of five new IR absorption bands centered at 3650, 3525, 1780, 1740 and 1718 cm -1 and attributed to the stretching vibrations of the O-H bonds of phenol and benzoïc acid, and the C-O bonds of benzoïc anhydride, phenyl benzoate and fluorenone respectively. In addition, oxidation leads to a large predominance of crosslinking over chain scissions (increase in T g ) preventing the annealing of PEEK, in particular when the temperature of exposure is higher than the onset of the melting endotherm. Finally, the consequences of oxidation on the elastic properties have been analysed and elucidated by micro-indentation on preliminarily polished cross-sections of PEEK plates of 3 mm thickness. The changes in Young's modulus and crystallinity ratio correlate perfectly, thus checking the Tobolsky's relationship

Multi-scale and multi-technical analysis of the thermal degradation of poly(ether imide)

The thermal degradation of PEI has been studied in wide ranges of temperature (between 180 and 250 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (between 0.21 and 50 bars). On one hand, the chemical ageing mechanisms have been analysed and elucidated by FTIR spectrophotometry and by differential calorimetry (DSC) on sufficiently thin PEI films (between 10 and 60 μm thickness) to be totally free of the effects of oxygen diffusion. As expected, and by analogy with other aromatic polymers of similar chemical structure, oxidation occurs preferentially on the methyl groups of the isopropylidene unit of the bisphenol A part, thus causing the disappearance of their characteristic IR absorption band at 2970 cm−1 and the growth of a new IR absorption band at 3350 cm−1, attributed to alcohols. In addition, oxidation leads successively to a relative predominance of chain scissions and crosslinking, resulting in a non-monotonic change of Tg. On the other hand, the consequences of oxidation on the elastic properties have been analysed and elucidated by micro-indentation on polished cross-sections of PEI plates of 3 mm thickness. The diffusion control of oxidation leads to the development of profiles of Young's modulus within the sample thickness, which correlate perfectly with the changes in chemical structure determined by FTIR spectrophotometry. However, the increase in Young's modulus in the superficial oxidized layer is not the direct consequence of oxidation but of a physical ageing

Proposition d’un modèle cinétique pour la dégradation thermique de la matrice PEEK

La dégradation thermique du poly(éther éther cétone) (PEEK) a été étudiée dans l’air à l’état solide (caoutchoutique) typiquement entre 523 et 593 K, i.e. dans un domaine de températures encore inexploré. Les modifications de la structure du PEEK ont été suivies aux échelles moléculaire et macromoléculaire par deux techniques d’analyse complémentaires. La spectrophotométrie IR en mode transmission a permis de détecter quatre produits de dégradation : les phénols, l’acide benzoïque, le benzoate de phényle et la fluorénone. L’analyse calorimétrique a mis clairement en évidence que la réticulation prédomine largement sur les coupures de chaines. Un schéma mécanistique d’oxydation de la matrice PEEK a été proposé sur cette base de résultats, mais aussi sur la base de l’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux rapportés dans la littérature à l’état fondu. Un modèle cinétique a été dérivé de ce schéma et sa validité a été vérifiée avec succès à partir des évolutions des concentrations des produits de dégradation et de la température de transition vitreuse dans l’air à 523 K. Les valeurs correspondantes des paramètres du modèle ont été discutées

Multi-scale and multi-technique analysis of the thermal degradation of poly(ether ether ketone)

The thermal degradation of PEEK has been studied in rubbery state in wide ranges of temperature (between 180 and 320 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (between 0.21 and 50 bars). On one hand, the thermal ageing mechanisms have been analysed and elucidated by FTIR spectrophotometry and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on sufficiently thin PEEK films (between 10 and 60 μm thickness) to be totally free of the effects of oxygen diffusion. Oxidation occurs on aromatic rings causing the growth of five new IR absorption bands centered at 3650, 3525, 1780, 1740 et 1718 cm−1 and attributed to the stretching vibrations of the O-H bonds of phenol and benzoïc acid, and the C-O bonds of benzoïc anhydride, phenyl benzoate and fluorenone respectively. In addition, oxidation leads to a large predominance of crosslinking over chain scissions resulting in a sharp increase of Tg. This reduction in molecular mobility prevents the annealing of PEEK, in particular when the temperature of exposure is higher than the onset of the melting endotherm. On the other hand, the consequences of oxidation on the elastic properties have been analysed and elucidated by micro-indentation on polished cross-sections of PEEK plates of 3 mm thickness. The diffusion control of oxidation leads to the development of profiles of Young's modulus within the sample thickness, which correlate perfectly with the changes in crystallinity and macromolecular architecture determined at lower scales. The validity of the Tobolsky's relationship is demonstrated

Glycolipids Recognized by A2B5 Antibody Promote Proliferation, Migration, and Clonogenicity in Glioblastoma Cells

International audienceA2B5+ cells isolated from human glioblastomas exhibit cancer stem cell properties. The A2B5 epitope belongs to the sialoganglioside family and is synthetized by the ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminidase α-2,8-sialyltransferase 3 (ST8SIA3) enzyme. Glycolipids represent attractive targets for solid tumors; therefore, the aim of this study was to decipher A2B5 function in glioblastomas. To this end, we developed cell lines expressing various levels of A2B5 either by genetically manipulating ST8SIA3 or by using neuraminidase. The overexpression of ST8SIA3 in low-A2B5-expressing cells resulted in a dramatic increase of A2B5 immunoreactivity. ST8SIA3 overexpression increased cell proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity in vitro and tumor growth when cells were intracranially grafted. Conversely, lentiviral ST8SIA3 inactivation in low-A2B5-expressing cells resulted in reduced proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity in vitro and extended mouse survival. Furthermore, in the shST8SIA3 cells, we found an active apoptotic phenotype. In high-A2B5-expressing cancer stem cells, lentiviral delivery of shST8SIA3 stopped cell growth. Neuraminidase treatment, which modifies the A2B5 epitope, impaired cell survival, proliferation, self-renewal, and migration. Our findings prove the crucial role of the A2B5 epitope in the promotion of proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and tumorigenesis, pointing at A2B5 as an attractive therapeutic target for glioblastomas

Increased dolutegravir peak concentrations in people living with HIV aged 60 and over and analysis of sleep quality and cognition

Background Demographic data show an increasingly aging HIV population worldwide. Recent concerns over dolutegravir-related neuropsychiatric toxicity have emerged, particularly amongst older HIV patients. We describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of dolutegravir (DTG) 50mg once daily in people living with HIV (PLWH) aged 60 and older. Additionally, to address the call for prospective neuropsychiatric toxicodynamic data, we evaluate changes in sleep quality and cognitive function after switching to abacavir (ABC)/lamivudine (3TC)/DTG, over 6 months in this population. Methods PLWH aged≥60years with HIV-RNA<50copies/mL on any non-DTG based antiretroviral combination were switched to ABC/3TC/DTG. On day 28, 24-hour PK sampling was undertaken. Steady-state PK parameters were compared to a published historical control population aged≤50years. Six validated sleep questionnaires and neurocognitive (Cogstate®) testing were administered pre-switch and over 180 days (NCT02509195). Results Forty-three participants were enrolled; 40 completed the PK phase. Overall, five discontinued (two due adverse events, both sleep related, 4.6%). DTG maximum concentration (Cmax) was significantly higher in patients≥60 versus controls (GM 4246ng/mL versus 3402ng/mL, p=0.005). In those who completed day 180 (n=38), sleep impairment was higher at day 28 (PSQI median global score 5.0 versus 6.0 p=0.02) but not at day 90 or 180. Insomnia, daytime function, fatigue test scores did not change statistically over time. Conclusion DTG Cmax was significantly higher in older PLWH. Our data provides clinicians with key information on the safety of prescribing DTG in older PLWH