Insects in Aquaculture Nutrition: An Emerging Eco-Friendly Approach or Commercial Reality?

Animal-origin food production presents an accelerated growth worldwide due to an increase in human demand. The aquaculture sector is one of the major players in terms of volume of animal protein production, and the availability of feedstuff to supply aquaculture feed (aquafeed) chain will be one of the main challenges for the next decades. Aquafeeds are mostly based on cereals, oilseeds, and marine-origin ingredients. The competition for feedstuff from the terrestrial animal industries such as pet, poultry, and swine challenges the profitability of aquafeeds, and complimentary ingredients need to be found. Many studies have focused on alternative protein sources, but the benefits of plant proteins, microorganisms-based, and diverse animal by-products are still under intense investigation to address some constraints including antinutritional factors and unbalanced nutrient profile. In this sense, the use of insects on the nutrition of aquatic animals could be an alternative. This chapter was elaborated to be an introductory reading for both academic and private sector and will discuss (i) the benefits of insects in animal nutrition, (ii) elucidate the nutritional aspects of different insect meals, (iii) bring some practical developments on aquatic nutrition, and finally (iv) discourse about constraints on insect use and its future perspectives

Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Tool for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture

Biofloc technology (BFT) is considered the new “blue revolution” in aquaculture. Such technique is based on in situ microorganism production which plays three major roles: (i) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating in situ microbial protein; (ii) nutrition, increasing culture feasibility by reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a decrease of feed costs; and (iii) competition with pathogens. The aggregates (bioflocs) are a rich protein-lipid natural source of food available in situ 24 hours per day due to a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate, and large range of microorganisms. This natural productivity plays an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality. The present chapter will discuss some insights of the role of microorganisms in BFT, main water quality parameters, the importance of the correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the culture media, its calculations, and different types, as well as metagenomics of microorganisms and future perspectives

DEFUMAÇÃO DE OSTRAS Crassostrea gigas: A QUENTE E COM FUMAÇA LÍQUIDA

valiaram-se duas técnicas de defumação – tradicional a quente e com utilização da fumaça líquida –, tendo testemunha o cozimento de ostras do Pacífico Crassostrea gigas. Para tanto, examinaram-se as características sensoriais e rendimento do processamento. Distribuíram-se animais aleatoriamente, em três tratamentos, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e nove repetições. Para a análise sensorial, empregaram-se trinta provadores, considerando-se cada um deles um bloco. Não houve diferença significativa de rendimento entre as ostras defumadas, independentemente da técnica aplicada (T1 = 8,42% e T2 = 7,61%), mas elas diferiram da testemunha (T3 = 16,25%). De acordo com a metodologia aplicada e com os resultados obtidos nas análises sensoriais, as ostras defumadas (independentemente da técnica aplicada) constituíram os produtos com maior aceitabilidade e houve incremento de suas características sensoriais. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Crassostrea gigas, defumação a quente, fumaça líquida, ostras

Sensorial attributes and growth performance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in biofloc technology with varying water salinity and dietary protein content

A study was conducted to evaluate the sensorial attributes and zootechnical performance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) juveniles cultured in biofloc technology (BFT) with varying water salinities and proteinous feed. The experiment was conducted at two salinity levels viz., 5 ppt and 30 ppt each with two different proteinous feeds viz., 25% and 35% crude protein (CP), in a completely randomized factorial experimental design. Shrimp juveniles (average weight: 1.07 g) were stocked uniformly at the density of 233 shrimp m−3 in sixteen 60-L experimental tanks and reared for nine weeks. At the end of culture, all shrimps were harvested from the tanks and zootechnical parameters were recorded. The sensorial attributes viz., aroma, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance of shrimps reared in BFT under the tested treatments and in traditional earthen pond culture system were compared. In terms of zootechnical parameters, survival was similar among all treatments. The shrimp growth and productivity were significantly affected by either salinity and protein levels of feed. The same trend was observed for the feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The highest shrimp growth (final weight: 4.08 g) was achieved in 30 ppt water with 35% CP. The sensorial attributes of shrimp were similar in all experimental treatments including those reared in traditional earthen pond. The results suggested that 30 ppt of water salinity and 35% of dietary crude protein promoted superior shrimp performance as compared to 5 ppt and 25% CP. Additionally, the current study revealed that sensorial attributes of L. vannamei cultured in BFT did not change regardless of the salinity (5 ppt and 30 ppt) and/or the dietary crude protein (25% and 35% CP), and was comparable to those reared in traditional earthen ponds.</p

Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Aquaculture: What Goes Right, What Goes Wrong? A Scientific-Based Snapshot

Aquaculture is a crucial industry that can help meet the increasing demand for aquatic protein products and provide employment opportunities in coastal areas and beyond. If incorrectly manage, traditional aquaculture methods can have negative impacts on the environment and natural resources, including water pollution and overuse of wild fish stocks as aquafeed ingredients. Biofloc technology (BFT) may offer a promising solution to some of these challenges by promoting a cleaner and sustainable production system. BFT converts waste into bioflocs, which serve as a natural food source for fish and shrimp within the culture system, reducing the need for external inputs, such as feed and chemicals. Moreover, BFT has the potential to improve yields and economic performance while promoting efficient resource utilization, such as water and energy. Despite its numerous advantages, BFT presents several challenges, such as high energy demand, high initial/running costs, waste (effluent, suspended solids, and sludge) management, opportunistic pathogens (vibrio) spread, and a lack of understanding of operational/aquatic/microbial dynamics. However, with further training, research, and innovation, these challenges can be overcome, and BFT can become a more widely understood and adopted technique, acting as an effective method for sustainable aquaculture. In summary, BFT offers a cleaner production option that promotes circularity practices while enhancing performance and economic benefits. This technique has the potential to address several challenges faced by the aquaculture industry while ensuring its continued growth and protecting the environment. A more broad BFT adoption can contribute to meeting the increasing demand for aquaculture products while reducing the industry’s negative impact on the environment and natural resources. In this context, this review provides an overview of the advantages and challenges of BFT and highlights key technical, biological, and economic aspects to optimize its application, promote further adoption, and overcome the current challenges

Biofloc technology: principles focused on potential species and the case study of chilean river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has caused environmental impacts in many countries. Examples include the use of large volumes of water, discharge of effluents with high nutrient content, the occupation of large areas, natural habitat alternation and the escape of exotic species. Biofloc technology (BFT) is an aquaculture tool that requires minimal water exchange, promotes the nutrient recycling optimizing resources and produces natural food in situ by forming suspended microbial aggregates in the water (bioflocs). These microorganisms provide multiple benefits such as water quality control, pathogen resistance and nutritional supplementation. Species such as Litopenaeus vannamei and tilapia have been successfully applied in BFT. In addition, there are also an increasing number of studies focused on alternative species with promising results. This paper describes essential aspects of biofloc technology, its application in aquaculture and the potential to extend its benefits to new aquaculture species such as Chilean river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius. This paper describes the future challenges of this technology as well as opportunities for its application.FONDEF: ID15I10353. CONICYT-National Academy Insertion Contest: 79170111. company Vard Aqua Chile S.A.

Effect of biofloc technology (BFT) on the early postlarval stage of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis: growth performance, floc composition and salinity stress tolerance

Biofloc rearing media provides a potential food source for shrimp reared in limited or zero water exchange systems. This culture system is environmentally friendly as it is based on limited water use and minimal effluent is released into the surrounding environment. In this study, we evaluated the survival, growth performance and salinity stress tolerance of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis postlarvae reared from PL10 to PL25 in a biofloc technology limited water exchange system. PL (mean ± SD weight and length of 14 ± 10 mg and 8.10 ± 0.7 mm, respectively) were reared in nine 40-L plastic tanks with a stocking density of 10PL/L. Three culture treatments were applied (1) culture in the presence of bioflocs and commercial feed supply (FLOC ? CF); (2) culture in the presence of biofloc without feed supply (FLOC) and (3) culture in clear water with feed supply (control). Final biomass and survival were significantly higher in FLOC ? CF treatment than the control (P \ 0.05), but did not differ from FLOC. PL reared in the FLOC ? CF treatment achieved a significantly higher final weight, weight gain and length in comparison with the other two treatments (P \ 0.05). No significant difference(P [ 0.05) between treatments was found for salinity tolerance over 24 and 48 h durations. The proximate analysis of floc shown high levels of crude protein (30.4%), but low levels of crude lipids (0.5%). The continuous availability of bioflocs had a significant effect on growth and survival of F. paulensis postlarvae cultured in BFT nursery systems

Crassostrea gigas OYSTERS SMOKING: THE HOT AND WITH LIQUID SMOKE DEFUMAÇÃO DE OSTRAS Crassostrea gigas: A QUENTE E COM FUMAÇA LÍQUIDA

The present study had as objective evaluates two techniques of traditional smoking the hot and with use of the liquid smoke, tends as control the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas cooked. They were appraised the sensorial characteristics and revenue of the processing. The animals were distributed in three treatments and the experimental design was completely randomized, with nine repetitions. For the sensorial analysis 30 fitting room were used, where each one was considered a block. There was not significant difference among the independent of the applied technique smoky oysters (T1 = 8.42% and T2 = 7.61%), but they differed of the control (T3 = 16.25%).In agreement with the applied methodology and with the results obtained in the sensorial analysis, the smoke oysters (independent of the applied technique) are products with great acceptability and increased your sensorial characteristics.&#13; KEY-WORDS: Crassostrea gigas, oysters, hot smoking, liquid smoke. valiaram-se duas técnicas de defumação – tradicional a quente e com utilização da fumaça líquida –, tendo testemunha o cozimento de ostras do Pacífico Crassostrea gigas. Para tanto, examinaram-se as características sensoriais e rendimento do processamento. Distribuíram-se animais aleatoriamente, em três tratamentos, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e nove repetições. Para a análise sensorial, empregaram-se trinta provadores, considerando-se cada um deles um bloco. Não houve diferença significativa de rendimento entre as ostras defumadas, independentemente da técnica aplicada (T1 = 8,42% e T2 = 7,61%), mas elas diferiram da testemunha (T3 = 16,25%). De acordo com a metodologia aplicada e com os resultados obtidos nas análises sensoriais, as ostras defumadas (independentemente da técnica aplicada) constituíram os produtos com maior aceitabilidade e houve incremento de suas características sensoriais.&#13; PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Crassostrea gigas, defumação a quente, fumaça líquida, ostras

Características organolépticas e nutricionais de filés de pirapitinga alimentada com diferentes fontes de proteína em sistema de bioflocos

The objective of this work was to assess the organoleptic and nutritional quality of fillets of cultured pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), fed diets with either partial or total substitution of fishmeal, and to determine the nutritional quality of the biofloc meal. Fish were cultured in 500-L tanks with 84 fish m-3, treated with biofloc technology (BFT), and fed three isoproteic diets (24% crude protein, CP) formulated with the following protein sources: soybean meal (SM); soybean meal + fishmeal (SM+FM); and soybean meal + spirulina (SM+SP). After 84 days of culture, microbiological, nutritional, and sensory analyses were carried out on fillets with skin and without scales. There were not significant differences for dry matter, CP, moisture, and fat content between treatments. The fatty acid profile showed 21.3±1.03% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs = ω-3 + ω-6), 37.11±1.29% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 41.58±1.34% saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The protein sources soybean meal and spirulina do not affect the fillet quality of pirapitinga nor the nutritional quality of biofloc meal.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade organoléptica e nutricional de filés de pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) cultivada, alimantada com dietas com substituição parcial ou total da farinha de peixe, e determinar a qualidade nutricional da farinha de bioflocos. Os peixes foram cultivados em tanques de 500 L com 84 peixes m-3, em tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT), e alimentados com três dietas isoproteicas (24% proteína bruta, PB) formuladas com as seguintes fontes proteicas: farelo de soja (SM); farelo de soja + farinha de peixe (SM + FPM); e farelo de soja + espirulina (SM + SP). Após 84 dias de cultivo, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, nutricionais e sensoriais dos filés com pele e sem escamas. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto a matéria seca, PB, umidade e teor de gordura entre os tratamentos avaliados. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi 21,3±1,03% de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs = ω-3 + ω-6), 37,11±1,29% de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFAs) e 41,58±1,34% de ácidos graxos saturados (SFAs). As fontes de proteína farelo de soja e spirulina não afetam a qualidade do filé de pirapitinga nem a qualidade nutricional da farinha de bioflocos

Crescimento e sobrevivência do camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) na fase de berçário em meio heterotrófico

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o potencial do cultivo em meio heterotrófico (flocos microbianos) no crescimento e sobrevivência de Farfantepenaeus paulensis na fase de berçário. Durante 30 dias foram cultivadas pós-larvas de F. paulensis (0,019 0,01 g), em 9 tanques plásticos de 40 litros na densidade de 500 pós-larvas m-2. Foram utilizados três tratamentos, com três repetições: cultivo na presença do floco microbiano com fornecimento de ração (FLOC + R); cultivo somente na presença do floco sem fornecimento de ração (FLOC) e cultivo em água clara com o fornecimento de ração (AC + R). Os flocos ou agregados microbianos não acarretaram desempenho superior no crescimento e sobrevivência na fase de berçário de F. paulensis.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of a heterotrophic rearing media (microbial flocs) on the growth and survival of Farfantepenaeus paulensis reared in the nursery phase. For 30 days, F. paulensis postlarvae (0.019 0.01g) were reared in nine 40-liter plastic tanks at the density of 500 postlarvae m-2. Three treatments with three replicates each were used: rearing in the presence of microbial flocs with ration supply (FLOC + R); rearing in the sole presence of flocs – no ration supplied (FLOC); and rearing in clear water plus with ration supply (AC + R). The presence of microbial flocs had no significant effect on growth and survival in the nursery rearing of F. paulensis