Development and validation of the family coping questionnaire for eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a new instrument, the Family Coping Questionnaire for Eating Disorders (FCQ-ED), specifically designed to assess the coping strategies of relatives of patients with eating disorders (EDs). METHOD: The study was articulated in the following seven stages: (1) in-depth analysis of scientific literature; (2) focus groups with expert researchers and clinicians in the fields of EDs and family assessment; (3) development of a pre-final version of the questionnaire; (4) recruitment of relatives and patients with EDs; (5) data collection; (6) statistical analysis; (7) finalization of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The final version of the questionnaire consists of 32 items, grouped in five subscales ("avoidance," "coercion," "collusion," "information," and "positive communication with the patient"), with a Cronbach's alpha ranging between 0.820 and 0.625. All Items with a Cohen's Kappa > 0.60 were included in the final version of the questionnaire. Factor analysis led to the identifications of two factors, the problem-oriented and the emotion-focused coping strategies. DISCUSSION: The final version of the questionnaire shows good psychometric properties, and it requires a short time to be completed. The five subscales correspond to those adopted by relatives of patients with schizophrenia, confirming that relatives of patients with EDs need to be supported and informed on how to cope with patient's disturbing behaviours. This questionnaire may be particularly useful for the development of psychoeducational packages for relatives of patients with EDs and the evaluation of the impact of family functioning on the course of the disease

Ultrasonographic and multimodal imaging of pediatric genital female diseases

Ultrasonography is the first-line imaging modality in the evaluation of the female pelvis in childhood and adolescence, because it is easy to perform, non-invasive and it does not require sedation. The transabdominal approach is preferred in children and adolescents, after filling the bladder to move away the bowel loops from the pelvis. The probe frequency must be adapted to age, thickness of tissues and depth of the structures under examination. High-frequency (4-12 MHz) linear or convex probes are used in newborns; high-frequency linear probes (4-12 MHz) in toddler, convex 5-7.5 MHz probes in girls and convex 3.5-5 MHz probes in teenagers. In this article, the main pathological conditions of the genital female tract in pediatric age are examined, such as congenital anomalies, disorders of sex development, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors, adnexal torsion, primary amenorrhea, precocious puberty and pelvic inflammatory disease