Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - aculeates (Apoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea)

Background: The checklist of British and Irish aculeate Hymenoptera (Apoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea) is revised. Species distribution is summarised for all species at the level of country (England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Isle of Man). New information: The 601 native species represent an increase of 25 on the 1978 checklist, comprising mostly new discoveries. This increase is nearly balanced by the 23 species now presumed to be extinct in Britain and Ireland.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.NHM Repositor

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Google Earth dan Peta terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Geografi

The aims of his research were: (1) to describe the influence in the use of google earth media to increase the result of students' learning outcomes of geography for the material of Southeast Asia at SMA 14 Bandar Lampung. (2) to find out the difference of students' learning outocomes for the material of Southeast Asia nation using google earth learning media by using map at XI IPS class of SMAN 14 Bandar Lampung. The population of this research is the students of XI IPS Negeri 14 Bandar Lampung who were 332 students. The sample of the research was carried out by cluster sampling techniques so the researcher got XI IPS1 class (experimental class) and XI IPS II Class (control class) as samples. The researcher used Independent T-test as the technique of data analysis for the results of students' learning outcomes. The result of the research indicated that for the first hypothesis, the significance value was 0.183 so it can be inferred that significance value was >0.05, then Ho was accepted. For the second hypothesis, it was 0.001 < 0.05, then Ho was denied so it can be concluded that there is a difference of students' learning outcomes whose learning used google earth media the first meeting at SMAN 14 Bandar Lampung which means the stusents who have improvement in the second meeting and student learning outcomes in the used os google earth media are higher that in the use of map both at the first and second meeting

Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the North Sea Region:A guidebook of best case examples

This new report aims to show how best to develop tourism in a sustainable and engaging way, throughout the North Sea Region. With examples from all five partner nations, the report highlights that these approaches can be utilised in different types of nature and heritage sites.World Heritage and nature protection sites have an abundance of value in the form of natural and cultural resources. This guidebook explores the question of how sustainable tourism businesses can prosper by both drawing on and protecting these unique natural and cultural resources. To do this, the guidebook draws on the concepts of sustainable entrepreneurship, ecosystem services and sustainable business models to provide frameworks and examples of how sustainable businesses operating at World Heritage sites in the North Sea region can ‘protect and prosper’.The report was compiled by the project partners University of Groningen and Norwegian University of Science and Technology in the framework of Prowad Link

Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice

The Arctic marine environment plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, there remain large uncertainties in how sea ice affects air–sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), partially due to disagreement between the two main methods (enclosure and eddy covariance) for measuring CO2 flux (FCO2). The enclosure method has appeared to produce more credible FCO2 than eddy covariance (EC), but is not suited for collecting long-term, ecosystem-scale flux datasets in such remote regions. Here we describe the design and performance of an EC system to measure FCO2 over landfast sea ice that addresses the shortcomings of previous EC systems. The system was installed on a 10&thinsp;m tower on Qikirtaarjuk Island – a small rock outcrop in Dease Strait located roughly 35&thinsp;km west of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The system incorporates recent developments in the field of air–sea gas exchange by measuring atmospheric CO2 using a closed-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) with a dried sample airstream, thus avoiding the known water vapor issues associated with using open-path IRGAs in low-flux environments. A description of the methods and the results from 4 months of continuous flux measurements from May through August 2017 are presented, highlighting the winter to summer transition from ice cover to open water. We show that the dried, closed-path EC system greatly reduces the magnitude of measured FCO2 compared to simultaneous open-path EC measurements, and for the first time reconciles EC and enclosure flux measurements over sea ice. This novel EC installation is capable of operating year-round on solar and wind power, and therefore promises to deliver new insights into the magnitude of CO2 fluxes and their driving processes through the annual sea ice cycle.</p

Immunological Memory Transferred with CD4 T Cells Specific for Tuberculosis Antigens Ag85B-TB10.4: Persisting Antigen Enhances Protection

BACKGROUND:High levels of death and morbidity worldwide caused by tuberculosis has stimulated efforts to develop a new vaccine to replace BCG. A number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens have been synthesised as recombinant subunit vaccines for clinical evaluation. Recently a fusion protein of TB antigen Ag85B combined with a second immunodominant TB antigen TB10.4 was emulsified with a novel non-phospholipid-based liposomal adjuvant to produce a new subunit vaccine, investigated here. Currently, there is no consensus as to whether or not long-term T cell memory depends on a source of persisting antigen. To explore this and questions regarding lifespan, phenotype and cytokine patterns of CD4 memory T cells, we developed an animal model in which vaccine-induced CD4 memory T cells could transfer immunity to irradiated recipients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:The transfer of protective immunity using Ag85B-TB10.4-specific, CD45RB(low) CD62L(low) CD4 T cells was assessed in sub-lethally irradiated recipients following challenge with live BCG, used here as a surrogate for virulent Mtb. Donor T cells also carried an allotype marker allowing us to monitor numbers of antigen-specific, cytokine-producing CD4 T cells in recipients. The results showed that both Ag85B-TB10.4 and BCG vaccination induced immunity that could be transferred with a single injection of 3x10(6) CD4 T cells. Ten times fewer numbers of CD4 T cells (0.3x10(6)) from donors immunised with Ag85B-TB10.4 vaccine alone, transferred equivalent protection. CD4 T cells from donors primed by BCG and boosted with the vaccine similarly transferred protective immunity. When BCG challenge was delayed for 1 or 2 months after transfer (a test of memory T cell survival) recipients remained protected. Importantly, recipients that contained persisting antigen, either live BCG or inert vaccine, showed significantly higher levels of protection (p<0.01). Overall the numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells were poorly correlated with levels of protection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The Ag85B-TB10.4 vaccine, with or without BCG-priming, generated TB-specific CD4 T cells that transferred protective immunity in mice challenged with BCG. The level of protection was enhanced in recipients containing a residual source of specific antigen that could be either viable or inert

Persistent High Incidence of Tuberculosis in Immigrants in a Low-Incidence Country

Immigration from areas of high incidence is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in areas of low incidence. To reduce the risk of disease in low-incidence areas, the main countermeasure has been the screening of immigrants on arrival. This measure is based on the assumption of a prompt decline in the incidence of TB in immigrants during their first few years of residence in a country with low overall incidence. We have documented that this assumption is not true for 619 Somali immigrants reported in Denmark as having TB. The annual incidence of TB declined only gradually during the first 7 years of residence, from an initial 2,000 per 100,000 to 700 per 100,000. The decline was described by an exponential function with a half-time of 5.7 (95% confidence interval 4.0 to 9.7) years. This finding seriously challenges the adequacy of the customary practice of screening solely on arrival