Pécher par excès de confiance ? Analyse des relations interindividuelles et interorganisationnelles d’une coopérative d’activités et d’emploi

International audienceLes bienfaits de la confiance dans une relation de collaboration font l’objet de nombreuses études. Nous savons ainsi que la confiance se fonde sur quatre éléments : le calcul (Lorenz, 2001 ; Nielsen, 2004), la compétence, la bienveillance et l’intégrité (Mayer et al, 1995). Le processus de construction de la confiance permet également de comprendre le transfert de confiance entre le niveau interindividuel et le niveau interorganisationnel (Ring et Van de Ven, 1994 ; Schilke et Cook, 2013). Les méfaits de confiance sont plus rarement décrits. S’ils sont évoqués comme étant à l’origine de conflits et de rupture de confiance, leurs causes semblent peu attirer l’attention des chercheurs. Ce papier se donne donc pour objectif de questionner les effets de la confiance institutionnalisée, et notamment les mécanismes de reproduction automatique de la confiance entre partenaires. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous nous appuyons sur une étude de cas unique, dont les données qualitatives sont issues d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Les données sont analysées en recourant à une démarche abductive, et leur contenu est classé par thème. A travers cette analyse, nous proposons un historique des différents niveaux de collaborations à l’origine de la création et de l’échec de l’organisation étudiée, une coopérative d’activités et d’emploi d’échelle régionale. La décomposition temporelle (Langley, 1997) nous a permis de mettre en évidence la spécificité des relations interindividuelles et interorganisationnelles propres à cinq temps forts de la vie de la coopérative : le pré-projet, le développement, l’apparition de tensions, le changement de gérance et la liquidation. L’analyse en profondeur des effets induits, aux différents stades d’évolution de la CAE, par la confiance octroyée nous a conduits à identifier les mécanismes contribuant à dénaturer le processus de création de la confiance. Ces mécanismes apparaissent comme étant autant de biais affectifs, cognitifs et conatifs qui agissent sur la phase de sélection et de contrôle du processus de création de la confiance. L’étude de cas a ainsi contribué à enrichir les connaissances sur les travers contre-productifs d’une relation fondée sur non plus sur de la confiance, mais sur un excès de confiance. La définition de l’excès de confiance est ainsi précisée, et les mécanismes à l’origine de son émergence dont détaillés. Ce papier présente comme principal résultat une remise en cause des bienfaits de la confiance idéale propre aux organisations claniques (Bornarel, 2007), celle-ci ne suffisant pas en soi à garantir la réussite des collaborations

Pêcher par excès de confiance ? Etude de cas d’une coopérative d’activité et d’emploi

(Rang A HCERES 37, Rang 3 CNRS 37, Rang 2 FNEGE)National audienceIf the benefits of trust within collaborative relationships are subject of numerous studies, few scholars focus on its undesirable side effects. Our case study attempts to fill this gap. It questions the institutionalisation process of trust, specifically the resulting mechanisms of trust self-reproduction. From semi-structured interviews and archives analysis, we describe the history of a business and employment cooperative, and highlight the construction process of overtrust. The context, in which the relationship emerges, is here characterised by the dominance of informal settings and strong ties between actors. The situation leads to cognitive biases affecting the institutionalisation process of trust and resulting in an overtrust.Si les bienfaits de la confiance dans les relations de collaboration font l'objet de nombreuses études, ses effets indésirables sont peu traités. En questionnant le processus d'institutionnalisation de la confiance et notamment les mécanismes de reproduction automatique de la confiance qui en résultent, l'étude de cas tend à pallier ce manque. à partir d'entretiens et d'analyses documentaires, les auteurs1 retracent l'histoire d'une coopérative d'activité et d'emploi, et mettent en lumière le processus de construction d'un excès de confiance. Dans leur cas, le contexte dans lequel la relation de collaboration voit le jour est caractérisé par une prégnance des mécanismes informels et une forte imbrication des acteurs. Ceci facilite l'apparition de biais cognitifs agissant sur le processus d'institutionnalisation de la confiance et débouchant sur un excès de confiance

Le travail au sein d'une coopérative d'activité et d'emploi : proposition de décryptage

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Evolution of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Fractional Anisotropy in the Cerebrum of Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Hypothermia over the First Month of Life

The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) over the first month of life in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia and to compare it with that of healthy newborns. Asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia were enrolled prospectively; and the presence and extent of brain injury were scored on each MRI. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were measured in the basal ganglia, in the white matter and in the cortical grey matter. Sixty-one asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia had a total of 126 ADC and FA maps. Asphyxiated newborns developing brain injury eventually had significantly decreased ADC values on days 2-3 of life and decreased FA values around day 10 and 1 month of life compared with those not developing brain injury. Despite hypothermia treatment, asphyxiated newborns may develop brain injury that still can be detected with advanced neuroimaging techniques such as DWI and DTI as early as days 2-3 of life. A study of ADC and FA values over time may aid in the understanding of how brain injury develops in these newborns despite hypothermia treatment

Angiogenesis Dysregulation in Term Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Hypothermia

<div><p>Background</p><p>Neonatal encephalopathy following birth asphyxia is a major predictor of long-term neurological impairment. Therapeutic hypothermia is currently the standard of care to prevent brain injury in asphyxiated newborns but is not protective in all cases. More robust and versatile treatment options are needed. Angiogenesis is a demonstrated therapeutic target in adult stroke. However, no systematic study examines the expression of angiogenesis-related markers following birth asphyxia in human newborns.</p><p>Objective</p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the expression of angiogenesis-related protein markers in asphyxiated newborns developing and not developing brain injury compared to healthy control newborns.</p><p>Design/Methods</p><p>Twelve asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia were prospectively enrolled; six developed eventual brain injury and six did not. Four healthy control newborns were also included. We used Rules-Based Medicine multi-analyte profiling and protein array technologies to study the plasma concentration of 49 angiogenesis-related proteins. Mean protein concentrations were compared between each group of newborns.</p><p>Results</p><p>Compared to healthy newborns, asphyxiated newborns not developing brain injury showed up-regulation of pro-angiogenic proteins, including fatty acid binding protein-4, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, neuropilin-1, and receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3; this up-regulation was not evident in asphyxiated newborns eventually developing brain injury. Also, asphyxiated newborns developing brain injury showed a decreased expression of anti-angiogenic proteins, including insulin-growth factor binding proteins -1, -4, and -6, compared to healthy newborns.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>These findings suggest that angiogenesis pathways are dysregulated following birth asphyxia and are putatively involved in brain injury pathology and recovery.</p></div

Brain MRIs of a term asphyxiated newborn treated with hypothermia, performed on day 9 of life.

<p><b>(A)</b> The T2-weighted imaging shows the injury within the thalami and lentiform nuclei (arrows).</p

Measurement of brain perfusion in newborns: Pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) versus pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL)

Background: Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be useful for identifying asphyxiated newborns at risk of developing brain injury, whether or not therapeutic hypothermia was administered. However, this technique has been only rarely used in newborns until now, because of the challenges to obtain sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatial resolution in newborns. Objective: To compare two methods of ASL-PWI (i.e., single inversion-time pulsed arterial spin labeling [single TI PASL], and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling [pCASL]) to assess brain perfusion in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia and in healthy newborns. Design/methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of term asphyxiated newborns meeting the criteria for therapeutic hypothermia; four additional healthy term newborns were also included as controls. Each of the enrolled newborns was scanned at least once during the first month of life. Each MRI scan included conventional anatomical imaging, as well as PASL and pCASL PWI-MRI. Control and labeled images were registered separately to reduce the effect of motion artifacts. For each scan, the axial slice at the level of the basal ganglia was used for comparisons. Each scan was scored for its image quality. Quantification of whole-slice cerebral blood flow (CBF) was done afterwards using previously described formulas. Results: A total number of 61 concomitant PASL and pCASL scans were obtained in nineteen asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia and four healthy newborns. After discarding the scans with very poor image quality, 75% (46/61) remained for comparison between the two ASL methods. pCASL images presented a significantly superior image quality score compared to PASL images (p < 0.0001). Strong correlation was found between the CBF measured by PASL and pCASL (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both ASL methods are feasible to assess brain perfusion in healthy and sick newborns. However, pCASL might be a better choice over PASL in newborns, as pCASL perfusion maps had a superior image quality that allowed a more detailed identification of the different brain structures

Evolution of angiogenesis-related protein expression over time in asphyxiated newborns developing brain HI injury compared to asphyxiated newborns not developing brain HI injury.

<p>The heat map depicts the fold changes in protein concentration between the two groups. Fold change ranges are denoted by the color coding in the legend at the right. ** <i>p < 0</i>.<i>05</i>.</p