Data on experimental investigation of Methyl Ester Sulphonate and nanopolystyrene for rheology improvement and filtration loss control of water-based drilling fluid

Data presented in this article focused on the application of Methyl Ester Sulphonate (MES) surfactant and nanopolystyrene in water based drilling fluid. Data from rheology study using Bingham and Power law models showed that the synergy of MES and nanopolystyrene improved the formulated drilling fluid. Filtration study under LPLT and HPHT conditions showed that MES and nanopolystyrene drilling fluid reduced filtration loss by 50.7% at LPLT and 61.1% at HPHT conditions. These filtration data were validated by filter cake permeability and scanning electron microscope images

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

A methodology for wellbore stability analysis in anisotropic formations: A case study from the Canning Basin, Western Australia

© 2016 Elsevier B.V.Stability analysis of directional wells has been a long standing issue due to complexity of geological settings and changes in the stress coordinate system when wells are being deviated. Although there have been many studies developing strategies to estimate the safe mud weight based on wellbore geometry and anisotropy of subsurface structures, the issue of instability in deviated wellbores has been widely experienced in many fields around the world, especially in Malaysia and Australia. The aim of this paper is to present a workflow for estimation of geomechanical parameters and stress states of boreholes drilled directionally into anisotropic formations. A case study from one of the wells drilled into tight shales was brought into attention to evaluate the application of the proposed methodology. The results obtained based on the interpretations of data and reports of similar incidents in the field indicated that the well was deviated due to drilling parallel to the direction of bedding planes, causing creation of blocky, and tabular cuttings with parallel surfaces at shakers. The Horizontal Transverse Isotropic (HTI) model was assumed and the ANNIE model, developed exclusively for shales, was considered for estimation of stiffness parameters required to fully characterize shale formations. Determination of the safe mud weight window using two well-known failure criteria with proven applications revealed that a three-dimensional failure criterion should have been applied to prevent the instability of the wellbore wall. In fact, following the underestimation of shear failure provided by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, a 13 ppg mud would have been selected to save the well, which in turn could result in enlargements of the well and significant increase of completion costs. Although some practical conclusions are provided, more studies are required to evaluate the application of the proposed methodology in other wells worldwide

Acceleration of CO₂ Solubility Trapping Mechanism for Enhanced Storage Capacity Utilizing Artificial Intelligence

This paper conducts a thorough examination of the carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility trapping mechanism, a pivotal facet of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology crucial for enhancing storage capacity. Leveraging the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI), our objective is to innovate and expedite the solubility trapping process. The overarching aim is to hasten the solubility trapping mechanism, thereby achieving heightened efficiency and storage capacity in CCS applications. To assess the potential acceleration of solubility during geological CO2 storage and appraise the field application of successful CO2 sequestration, a multitude of case studies is imperative. These case studies, encompassing various reservoir characteristics, are facilitated through the application of an artificial neural network (ANN). Specifically, we have developed an ANN model for geological CO2 solubility in saline aquifers. The training and testing of the ANN model were executed using data generated from a synthetic aquifer, focusing on solubility and its trapping index. Employing Python with TensorFlow, we conducted training and testing iterations, selecting the optimal model based on the calculated coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. The model successfully predicted the duration of the solubility trapping mechanism and storage efficiency. Our findings suggest that the ANN model serves as a valuable tool for forecasting storage effectiveness and evaluating the success of CO2 sequestration. In scenarios where conventional simulations fall short, our model may offer a viable solution

Investigation on CO₂ Solubility for Safer CO₂ Storage:Experimental Study on the Effect of pH

The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO2) in water is an important parameter in various scientific fields, including environmental sciences, chemistry, and climate studies. This paper aims to investigate the effect of pH on the solubility of CO2 in water. It explores the underlying chemical processes involved in CO2 dissolution and examines the relationship between pH and CO2 solubility. Experimental data, theoretical models, and empirical relationships are presented to support the discussion. The findings highlight the significance of pH in understanding CO2 solubility and its implications in subsurface storage applications.</p

Effects of physical exercises on inflammatory biomarkers and cardiopulmonary function in patients living with HIV: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Background Pro-inflammatory cytokines expressed in human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection, may induce oxidative stress likely to compromise the patency of the airways or damage the lung tissues/cardiac function. However, physical (aerobic and/or resistance) exercise-induced release of heat shock protein, immune function alteration or reduced tissue hypoxia, have been highlighted as possible mechanisms by which increasing physical activity may reduce plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines in uninfected individuals and should be appraised in the literature for evidence of similar benefits in people living with HIV (PLWH). Therefore, we evaluated the effects of physical exercises on 1) inflammatory biomarkers and 2) cardiopulmonary function (VO2 Max) in PLWH. Method A systematic review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. Searching databases, up to January 2018. Only randomized control trials investigating the effects of either aerobic or resistance or a combination of both exercise types with a control/other intervention(s) for a period of at least 4 weeks among adults living with HIV, were included. Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and risk of bias (ROB) was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration ROB tool. Meta-analyses were conducted with random effect models using the Review Manager (RevMan) computer software. Result Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria (n = 1073 participants at study completion) comprising male and female with age range 18–65 years. Three meta-analyses across three sub-groups comparisons were performed. The result showed no significant change in biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β) unlike a significant (Z = 3.80, p < 0.0001) improvement in VO2 Max. Overall, the GRADE evidence for this review was of moderate quality. Conclusion There was evidence that engaging in either aerobic or resistance exercise, or a combination of both exercises, two to five times per week can lead to a significant improvement in cardiopulmonary function but not biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β). However, this should not be interpreted as “No evidence of effect” because the individual trial studies did not attain sufficient power to detect treatment effects. The moderate grade evidence for this review suggests that further research may likely have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effects and may change the estimate