1,376 research outputs found
Diversity and biomass accumulation in cultured phototrophic biofilms
In the present study, biomass development and changes in community composition of phototrophic biofilms grown under different controlled ambient conditions (light, temperature and flow) were examined. Source communities were taken from a wastewater treatment plant and used to inoculate growth surfaces in a semi-continuous-flow microcosm. We recorded biofilm growth curves in cultures over a period of 30 days across 12 experiments. Biovolume of phototrophs and community composition for taxonomic shifts were also obtained using light and electron microscopy. Species richness in the cultured biofilms was greatly reduced with respect to the natural samples, and diversity decreased even further during biofilm development. Diadesmis confervacea, Phormidium spp., Scenedesmus spp. and Synechocystis spp. were identified as key taxa in the microcosm. While a significant positive effect of irradiance on biofilm growth could be identified, impacts of temperature and flow rate on biofilm development and diversity were less evident. We discuss the hypothesis that biofilm development could have been subject to multistability, i.e. the existence of several possible stable biofilm configurations for the same set of environmental parameters; small variations in the species composition might have been sufficient to switch between these different configurations and thus have contributed to overwriting the original effects of temperature and flow velocity
Generating Erler-Schnabl-type Solution for Tachyon Vacuum in Cubic Superstring Field Theory
We study a new set of identity-based solutions to analyze the problem of
tachyon condensation in open bosonic string field theory and cubic superstring
field theory. Even though these identity-based solutions seem to be trivial, it
turns out that after performing a suitable gauge transformation, we are left
with the known Erler-Schnabl-type solutions which correctly reproduce the value
of the D-brane tension. This result shows explicitly that how a seemingly
trivial solution can generate a non-trivial configuration which precisely
represents to the tachyon vacuum.Comment: 22 pages, references added, appendix added, 2 subsections adde
Conservation laws and tachyon potentials in the sliver frame
Conservation laws have provided an elegant and efficient tool to evaluate the
open string field theory interaction vertex, they have been originally
implemented in the case where the string field is expanded in the Virasoro
basis. In this work we derive conservation laws in the case where the string
field is expanded in the so-called sliver -basis. As an
application of these conservation laws derived in the sliver frame, we compute
the open string field action relevant to the tachyon condensation and in order
to present not only an illustration but also an additional information, we
evaluate the action without imposing a gauge choice.Comment: 26 pages, some typos fixed, comments added, references adde
Remark about string field for general configuration of N D-instantons
In this paper we would like to suggest matrix form of the string field for
any configuration of N D-instantons in bosonic string field theory.Comment: 17 pages, R1:corrected some typos, reference adde
Biocidal Activity of Phyto-Derivative Products Used on Phototrophic Biofilms Growing on Stone Surfaces of the Domus Aurea in Rome (Italy)
Hypogean or enclosed monuments are important cultural heritage sites that can suffer biodegradation. Many of the stone walls of the prestigious Domus Aurea are overwhelmed by dense biofilms and so need intervention. Room 93 was chosen as a study site with the aim to test the efficacy of phyto-derivatives as new biocides. Laboratory studies were performed comparing the effects of liquorice leaf extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and a combination of both. In situ studies were also performed to test the effect of liquorice. The results were compared with those of the commonly used synthetic biocide benzalkonium chloride. The effects on the biofilms were assessed by microscopy along with chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The phototrophs in the biofilms were identified morphologically, while the heterotrophs were identified with culture analysis and 16S gene sequencing. Results showed that the mixed solution liquorice/lavender was the most effective in inhibiting the photosynthetic activities of biofilms in the laboratory tests; while, in situ, the effect of liquorice was particularly encouraging as an efficient and low-invasive biocide. The results demonstrate a high potential biocidal efficacy of the phyto-derivatives, but also highlight the need to develop an efficient application regime
Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by seven biofilm-forming cyanobacterial strains for biotechnological applications
The molecular identification of seven biofilmforming
cyanobacteria and the characterization of their
exopolysaccharides were made and considered in terms of
potential biotechnological applications. The studied strains
were isolated from phototrophic biofilms taken from various
Italian sites including a wastewater treatment plant, an eroded
soil, and a brackish lagoon. The polysaccharides were
characterized by use of ion exchange chromatography,
circular dichroism, and cytochemical stains. All strains produced
exopolysaccharides with differing ratios of hydrophobic
and hydrophilic moieties depending on the species, the
polysaccharide fraction (i.e., whether capsular or released),
and the ambient conditions. It was shown that the anionic
nature of the exopolysaccharides was due to the presence of
carboxylic and sulfated groups and is likely the main characteristic
with industrial applicability. Potential biotechnological
applications are discusse
Towards mirror symmetry \`a la SYZ for generalized Calabi-Yau manifolds
Fibrations of flux backgrounds by supersymmetric cycles are investigated. For
an internal six-manifold M with static SU(2) structure and mirror \hat{M}, it
is argued that the product M x \hat{M} is doubly fibered by supersymmetric
three-tori, with both sets of fibers transverse to M and \hat{M}. The mirror
map is then realized by T-dualizing the fibers. Mirror-symmetric properties of
the fluxes, both geometric and non-geometric, are shown to agree with previous
conjectures based on the requirement of mirror symmetry for Killing
prepotentials. The fibers are conjectured to be destabilized by fluxes on
generic SU(3)xSU(3) backgrounds, though they may survive at type-jumping
points. T-dualizing the surviving fibers ensures the exchange of pure spinors
under mirror symmetry.Comment: 30 pages, 3 figures, LaTeX; v2: references adde
Awareness and use of biodiversity collections by fish biologists
A survey of 280 fish biologists from a diverse pool of disciplines was conducted in order to assess the use made of biodiversity collections and how collections can better collect, curate and share the data they have. From the responses, data for how fish biologists use collections, what data they find the most useful, what factors influence the decisions to use collections, how they access the data and explore why some fish biologists make the decision to not use biodiversity collections is collated and reported. The results of which could be used to formulate sustainability plans for collections administrators and staff who curate fish biodiversity collections, while also highlighting the diversity of data and uses to researchers.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154475/1/jfb14167.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154475/2/jfb14167_am.pd
Toroidal Orientifolds in IIA with General NS-NS Fluxes
Type IIA toroidal orientifolds offer a promising toolkit for model builders,
especially when one includes not only the usual fluxes from NS-NS and R-R field
strengths, but also fluxes that are T-dual to the NS-NS three-form flux. These
new ingredients are known as metric fluxes and non-geometric fluxes, and can
help stabilize moduli or can lead to other new features. In this paper we study
two approaches to these constructions, by effective field theory or by toroidal
fibers twisted over a toroidal base. Each approach leads us to important
observations, in particular the presence of D-terms in the four-dimensional
effective potential in some cases, and a more subtle treatment of the
quantization of the general NS-NS fluxes. Though our methods are general, we
illustrate each approach on the example of an orientifold of T^6/Z_4.Comment: 59 pages, references adde
Toward Open-Closed String Theoretical Description of Rolling Tachyon
We consider how the time-dependent decay process of an unstable D-brane
should be described in the full (quantum) open-closed string theory. It is
argued that the system, starting from the unstable D-brane configuration, will
evolve in time into the time-independent open string tachyon vacuum
configuration which we assume to be finite, with the total energy conserved. As
a concrete realization of this idea, we construct a toy model describing the
open and closed string tachyons which admits such a time-dependent solution.
The structure of our model has some resemblance to that of open-closed string
field theory.Comment: 1+10 pages, 6 figures. v2: a reference adde
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