Women and Sexuality in African Cinema

African cultures' views on intimacy and privacy have had an approach to sex, nudity, and eroticism that differs from the openness associated with that of most Western cultures. This is one of the factors that explains the relatively scarce displays of sexuality in African cinema. However, in the past two decades, an increasing number of films made by African filmmakers in the continent and the diaspora have featured stories by women with fluid sexual identities. In these films, women engage in same‐sex relationships as part of their assertion of freedom. The titles include Karmen Geï (dir. Joseph Gaï Ramaka, 2001, Senegal), Les Saignantes (dir. Jean‐Pierre Bekolo, 2007, Cameroon), The World Unseen (dir. Shamim Sarif, 2007, South Africa), and, more recently, Stories of our Lives (dir. Jim Chuchu, 2014, Kenya) and Rafiki (dir. Wanuri Kahiu, 2018, Kenya), whose lead actress, Samantha Mugatsia, won the best actress award in the 50‐year‐old film festival FESPACO (Pan‐African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou) in 2019. African scholars, and more specifically African women scholars, are revisiting gender theories and concepts, in search of a de‐Westernization of the academic terminology able to address the complexity and intersectionality of women's sexuality in African cultures. Similarly, African women filmmakers are contesting patriarchal representations of women in relation to violence, illness, and as victims, with self‐representations of sexuality and redefinitions of identity revolving around pleasure and as subversive to different forms of oppression experienced by African women

Results of MDR-1 vector modification trial indicate that granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit cells do not contribute to posttransplant hematopoietic recovery following intensive systemic therapy

To formally test the hypothesis that the granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming unit (GM-CFU) cells can contribute to early hematopoietic reconstitution immediately after transplant, the frequency of genetically modified GM-CFU after retroviral vector transduction was measured by a quantitative in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is specific for the multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) vector, and by a quantitative GM-CFU methylcellulose plating assay. The results of this analysis showed no difference between the transduction frequency in the products of two different transduction protocols: “suspension transduction” and “stromal growth factor transduction.” However, when an analysis of the frequency of cells positive for the retroviral MDR-1 vector posttransplantation was carried out, 0 of 10 patients transplanted with cells transduced by the suspension method were positive for the vector MDR-1 posttransplant, whereas 5 of 8 patients transplanted with the cells transduced by the stromal growth factor method were positive for the MDR-1 vector transcription unit by in situ or in solution PCR assay (a difference that is significant at the P = 0.0065 level by the Fisher exact test). These data suggest that only very small subsets of the GM-CFU fraction of myeloid cells, if any, contribute to the repopulation of the hematopoietic tissues that occurs following intensive systemic therapy and transplantation of autologous hematopoietic cells