4,223 research outputs found
Is the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis disrupted in type 2 diabetes mellitus and is this relevant for bone health?
Preparation of clinical-grade recombinant canarypox-human immunodeficiency virus vaccine-loaded human dendritic cells
Preclinical data are reported that support a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine strategy using recombinant canarypox-HIV vectors (ALVAC-HIV) to load human dendritic cells (DCs) with HIV antigens. Clinical-grade DCs were infected with good manufacturing practice-grade ALVAC-HIV vaccine constructs. ALVAC infection, HIV gene expression, and DC viability and function were monitored by use of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, blastogenesis assays, antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protein detection. The vaccines infected both immature and mature DCs, and intracellular HIV-1 Gag protein was detected within hours. ALVAC-HIV induced DC maturation that was mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α and induced DC apoptosis that was directly related to the length of vaccine exposure. Of importance, the infected DCs remained functional in T cell stimulation assays and induced HIV antigen-specific CD8+ T cell production of IFN-γ from cells of HIV-1-infected individuals. These data support an ongoing HIV vaccine trial comparing conventional vaccine delivery routes with ex vivo vaccine-loaded autologous DCs for immunogenicity in HIV-1-uninfected volunteers
Sonoluminescing air bubbles rectify argon
The dynamics of single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) strongly depends on the
percentage of inert gas within the bubble. We propose a theory for this
dependence, based on a combination of principles from sonochemistry and
hydrodynamic stability. The nitrogen and oxygen dissociation and subsequent
reaction to water soluble gases implies that strongly forced air bubbles
eventually consist of pure argon. Thus it is the partial argon (or any other
inert gas) pressure which is relevant for stability. The theory provides
quantitative explanations for many aspects of SBSL.Comment: 4 page
Banksy Got Back? Problems with Chains of Unauthorized Derivative Works and Arrangements in Cover Songs Under a Compulsory License
This Article will analyze the scope of copyright ownership in relation to chains of unauthorized derivative works and chains of arrangement rights in cover versions of musical recordings. In particular, the analysis will focus on the gray area in the law where an unauthorized derivative work (“D1”) is created by an author and another author creates a second derivative work (“D2”) based off of D1. In situations such as these, does the creator of the original derivative work have any rights in their creation if their derivative work was unauthorized?
Further, depending on what rights do exist for D1, can the creator of the D2 be found to be infringing upon D1? Moreover, even in the case of certain authorized chains of works such as musical “covers” produced under a compulsory license, does the creator of the first derivative work D1 have any legal recourse against further authorized derivative work creators who base their work on the first derivative work?
This phenomenon is demonstrated through examples based in contemporary urban art (Keith Haring and Banksy) and cover songs created through compulsory licenses (Sir Mix-A-Lot, Glee, and Jonathan Coulton)
Discovering neutrinoless double-beta decay in the era of precision neutrino cosmology
We evaluate the discovery probability of a combined analysis of proposed neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments in a scenario with normal ordered neutrino masses. The discovery probability strongly depends on the value of the lightest neutrino mass, ranging from zero in case of vanishing masses and up to 80-90% for values just below the current constraints. We study the discovery probability in different scenarios, focusing on the exciting prospect in which cosmological surveys will measure the sum of neutrino masses. Uncertainties in nuclear matrix element calculations partially compensate each other when data from different isotopes are available. Although a discovery is not granted, the theoretical motivations for these searches and the presence of scenarios with high-discovery probability strongly motivates the proposed international, multi-isotope experimental program
U(2) Is Right for Leptons and Left for Quarks.
We posit that the distinct patterns observed in fermion masses and mixings are due to a minimally broken U(2)_{q+e} flavor symmetry acting on left-handed quarks and right-handed charged leptons, giving rise to an accidental U(2)^{5} symmetry at the renormalizable level without imposing selection rules on the Weinberg operator. We show that the symmetry can be consistently gauged by explicit examples and comment on realizations in SU(5) unification. Via a model-independent analysis of a standard model viewed as an effective field theory, we find that selection rules due to U(2)_{q+e} enhance the importance of charged lepton flavor violation as a probe, where significant experimental progress is expected in the near future
Solving 3+1 QCD on the Transverse Lattice Using 1+1 Conformal Field Theory
A new transverse lattice model of Yang-Mills theory is constructed by
introducing Wess-Zumino terms into the 2-D unitary non-linear sigma model
action for link fields on a 2-D lattice. The Wess-Zumino terms permit one to
solve the basic non-linear sigma model dynamics of each link, for discrete
values of the bare QCD coupling constant, by applying the representation theory
of non-Abelian current (Kac-Moody) algebras. This construction eliminates the
need to approximate the non-linear sigma model dynamics of each link with a
linear sigma model theory, as in previous transverse lattice formulations. The
non-perturbative behavior of the non-linear sigma model is preserved by this
construction. While the new model is in principle solvable by a combination of
conformal field theory, discrete light-cone, and lattice gauge theory
techniques, it is more realistically suited for study with a Tamm-Dancoff
truncation of excited states. In this context, it may serve as a useful
framework for the study of non-perturbative phenomena in QCD via analytic
techniques.Comment: 25 page
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