Measuring and estimating the effect of copy number variants on autism spectrum disorder and early-onset psychosis risk

Les variations du nombre de copies (i.e., VNC, perte ou gain de matériel génétique de plus de 1 kilobase) figurent parmi les facteurs biologiques les plus associés aux troubles neurodéveloppementaux (TNDs), tels que les troubles du spectre autistique (TSAs) ou la psychose précoce. Les variants génétiques classés comme pathogéniques sont identifiés chez environ 20% des enfants avec des symptômes de TSA référés en génétique clinique. Actuellement, seules les VNCs les plus récurrentes (i.e., plusieurs individus non apparentés ont le même variant) ont été associées avec les TSAs et leurs tailles d’effets ont pu être décrites avec précision grâce à des études d'associations (i.e., cas-contrôles). Cependant, la plupart des VNCs identifiées dans les cliniques neurodéveloppementales et génétiques sont ultra-rares. À ma connaissance, aucune méthode n’a été développée afin d’estimer et de prédire de façon précise la contribution de tels variants aux phénotypes cliniques. De ce fait, l’impact de ces variants ultra-rares sur les risques d'avoir des TNDs, comme les TSAs ou la psychose précoce, reste incertain. Une étude récente de mon groupe de recherche a démontré que les tailles d'effet des délétions et duplications à travers le génome sur les capacités cognitives pouvaient être prédites statistiquement avec 78% de précision en utilisant des mesures d'intolérance à la perte de fonction. Le but de cette thèse est de développer des modèles similaires pour définir les tailles d'effet des VNCs à travers le génome sur les risques de TSA et de psychose précoce, ainsi que sur quelques traits cognitifs et comportementaux affectés dans ces troubles. J’ai analysé tous les VNCs ≥ 50 kilobases identifiées via les données de puces de génotypage et de séquençage sur génome entier chez 137 enfants et adolescents avec une psychose précoce (Boston Children’s hospital), 5,540 probands avec des TSAs (Simons Simplex Collection et MSSNG), et 17,471 personnes de la population générale (Lothian birth cohort, Generation Scotland, IMAGEN et Saguenay Youth Study). Les gènes codants totalement compris dans les VNCs ont été annotés avec neufs variables quantitatives, incluant le score d’intolérance à la perte de fonction et d’autres scores fonctionnels et génétiques. Des modèles statistiques incluant ces scores ont été testés afin de sélectionner celui qui explique le mieux l’effet des VNCs à travers le génome sur le risque de TSA et le quotient intellectuel (QI). Le meilleur modèle a été utilisé par la suite pour investiguer les tailles d’effets des VNCs sur d’autres traits cognitifs et comportementaux liés aux TSAs, ainsi que sur le risque de psychose précoce. Le score d’intolérance à la perte de fonction expliquait le mieux les effets des VNCs sur le risque de TSA et la cognition générale. Les modèles incluant ces scores ont démontré que les délétions et les duplications augmentaient les risques de psychose précoce et de TSA, même après ajustement pour le QI. Il n’y avait aucune différence de tailles d’effets des VNCs entre la psychose précoce et le TSA. La fréquence de loci associé précédemment avec des TNDs et des troubles neuropsychiatriques était également similaire entre dans les TSA et la psychose précoce, et le modèle estimait précisément la taille d'effet de la plupart de ces loci sur le risque de TSA en comparaison aux observation empiriques publiées précédemment. Les CNVs à travers le génome mesurés par le score d’intolérance à la perte de fonction diminuaient de façon similaire le QI dans les populations TSA et générale. Les effets des duplications étaient systématiquement plus faibles que les effets des délétions pour chacun de ces phénotypes, ce qui suggère un effet plus pathogénique des délétions. Les délétions et les duplications affectaient différentiellement la communication sociale, les comportements, et la mémoire phonologique, tandis qu'elles affectaient similairement les capacités motrices dans les populations TSA. L'enrichissement similaire des VNCs à travers le génome dans la psychose précoce et le TSA suggère un effet pléiotropique des VNCs dans ces différentes symptomatologies. Le dépistage routinier pour les VNCs doit être accessible dans les soins cliniques standards des jeunes avec une psychose précoce, comme il est recommandé pour les TSAs. Une telle pratique contribue à établir une médecine personnalisée et peut apporter des bénéfices médicaux comme la détection de comorbidités, la prédiction de la progression de la maladie, et faciliter la communication avec les parents à propos de la nature biologique du trouble. Les modèles appliqués dans ce projet, entraînés sur des VNCs incluant plus de 4,500 gènes, suggèrent des propriétés hautement polygéniques du dosage génique dans les TNDs. J’ai estimé que chaque VNC de 1 mégabase, incluant au moins un gène scorant pour l’intolérance à la perte de fonction, augmente le risque de TSA. La combinaison de ces résultats ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension des effets des VNCs à travers le génome sur les TNDs et les traits associés (e.g., QI ou symptômes comportementaux). Ces modèles ont été implémentés dans un outil en ligne qui a pour but d'aider les cliniciens à estimer les tailles d’effet des VNCs identifiés en clinique et à interpréter leur contribution au phénotype du patient.Copy number variants (CNVs; i.e., loss or gain of genetic material of over 1 kilobase) are robustly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and early-onset psychosis (EOP). Genetic variants classified as pathogenic are identified in approximately 20% of children with ASD symptoms referred to genetic clinics. To date, only the most recurrent CNVs (i.e., similar variants across multiple unrelated individuals) were associated with ASD and their effect-sizes were characterized through association studies (i.e., case-controls). However, most of the CNVs routinely identified in neurodevelopmental and genetic clinics are ultra-rare. To my knowledge, no method was developed to accurately estimate and predict the contribution of such variants to clinical phenotypes. Therefore, the impact of these ultra-rare variants on risk for NDDs, such as ASD and EOP, remains undocumented. A recent study from my research group has shown that the effect-size of genome-wide deletions and duplications on cognitive ability can be statistically predicted with an 78% accuracy using measures of loss-of-function (LoF) intolerance. The aim of this thesis was to develop similar models to define the effect-size of genome-wide CNVs on ASD and EOP risk, as well as on several cognitive and behavioral traits altered in these disorders. I analyzed all CNVs ≥ 50 kilobases called from genotyping arrays and whole genome sequencing data from 137 children and adolescents with EOP (Boston Children’s hospital), 5,540 probands with ASD (Simons Simplex Collection and MSSNG), and 17,471 individuals from unselected populations (Lothian birth cohort, Generation Scotland, IMAGEN and Saguenay Youth Study). Coding genes fully encompassed by CNVs were annotated with nine quantitative variables, including the LoF intolerance score and other functional and genetic scores. Statistical models including these scores were tested to select the one that best explained the effects of genome-wide CNVs on ASD risk and IQ. The best model was subsequently used to investigate the effect-size of genome-wide CNVs on cognitive and behavioral domains related to ASD, as well as on EOP risk. The LoF intolerance score best explained the effect-sizes of genome-wide CNVs on ASD-risk and general cognition. Models including such scores demonstrated that deletions or duplications increased risks for EOP and for ASD, even after adjusting for IQ. There was no difference in effect-sizes between EOP and ASD. The frequency of loci previously associated with NDDs or neuropsychiatric disorders was also similar between EOP and ASD, and the model accurately estimated the effect-size of most of these loci on the risk for ASD comparing to previously published empirical observations. Genome-wide CNVs measured by LoF intolerance score also similarly decreased IQ in both ASD and unselected populations. The effect of duplications was smaller than the effect of deletion for all phenotypes investigated, suggesting a higher pathogenicity of deletions. Deletions and duplications were found to differentially affect social communication, behavior, and phonological memory, whereas both equally affected motor skills in the ASD population. The identical enrichment of genome-wide CNVs in EOP and ASD suggests a pleiotropic effect of CNVs in these different symptomatology. Routine screening for CNVs should be made available in the standard clinical care for EOP youth, as is recommended in ASD. Such practice contributes to the establishment of personalized medicine and may bring medical benefits as detecting medical comorbidities, prediction of the disease progression, and facilitating the communication with parents about the biological nature of the disorder. The models applied in this project, trained on CNVs encompassing more than 4,500 genes, suggest highly polygenic properties of gene dosage in NDDs. I estimated that any 1 megabase CNV, encompassing at least one gene scoring for intolerance to LoF, would increase ASD risk. Overall, these results open new avenues for understanding the effect of genome-wide CNVs on NDD risk and related traits (e.g., IQ or behavioral symptoms). These models were implemented in an online tool which aims to help clinicians estimate the effect-size of CNVs identified in the clinic and interpret their contribution to the patient’s phenotype

Brief report : virtual reality to raise awareness about autism

Purpose The purpose of the study was to develop and test a virtual reality application designed to put the participants “in the shoes” of an autistic person during a routine task. Method The study involved a randomized controlled trial that included 103 participants recruited from a technical college. Each participant responded to three questionnaires to measure attitudes, knowledge, and openness toward autism. Prior to responding to these questionnaires, the participants in the experimental group also completed an 8-min virtual reality simulation designed by the research team in collaboration with autistic individuals. Results The participants who completed the virtual reality simulation reported better attitudes, more knowledge, and higher openness toward autism than the participants in the control group. Conclusion The results of the study suggest that virtual reality simulations are promising tools to raise awareness about autism

The Family game to support parents with intellectual disability in managing challenging behaviours : a replication

Background: Although many parents with intellectual disability (ID) demonstrate good parenting practices, some parents experience difficulties in managing challenging behaviours. One potential solution to this issue involves using The Family Game, a program designed to teach parents with ID how to manage challenging behaviours in their child. Aims: The purpose of our study was to conduct an independent replication of an investigation that had been performed by the developer of the program. Materials & Methods: We used a multiple baseline design to examine the effects of The Family Game on the behaviour of two parents with ID who had a 3-year-old child. Results: Similarly to the original study, our results indicate that The Family Game improved the use of effective parenting strategies during role play, but that these gains failed to generalise to real-life settings. Conclusion: The study further supports the necessity of adding novel strategies to the game to better promote generalisation

Investigating the contributions of circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes to autism and sleep disturbances

Sleep disturbance is prevalent in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Researchers have posited that circadian dysfunction may contribute to sleep problems or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. However, there is limited genetic evidence of this. It is also unclear how insomnia risk genes identified through GWAS in general populations are related to ASD and common sleep problems like insomnia traits in ASD. We investigated the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) encompassing circadian pathway genes and insomnia risk genes to ASD risk as well as sleep disturbances in children with ASD. We studied 5860 ASD probands and 2092 unaffected siblings from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG database, as well as 7509 individuals from two unselected populations (IMAGEN and Generation Scotland). Sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were parent reported for SSC probands. We identified 335 and 616 rare CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes respectively. Deletions and duplications with circadian genes were overrepresented in ASD probands compared to siblings and unselected controls. For insomnia-risk genes, deletions (not duplications) were associated with ASD in both cohorts. Results remained significant after adjusting for cognitive ability. CNVs containing circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes showed a stronger association with ASD, compared to CNVs containing other genes. Circadian genes did not influence sleep duration or insomnia traits in ASD. Insomnia risk genes intolerant to haploinsufficiency increased risk for insomnia when duplicated. CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes increase ASD liability with little to no observable impacts on sleep disturbances

Genome wide analysis of gene dosage in 24,092 individuals estimates that 10,000 genes modulate cognitive ability

International audienceGenomic copy number variants (CNVs) are routinely identified and reported back to patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, but their quantitative effects on essential traits such as cognitive ability are poorly documented. We have recently shown that the effect size of deletions on cognitive ability can be statistically predicted using measures of intolerance to haploinsufficiency. However, the effect sizes of duplications remain unknown. It is also unknown if the effect of multigenic CNVs are driven by a few genes intolerant to haploinsufficiency or distributed across tolerant genes as well. Here, we identified all CNVs > 50 kilobases in 24,092 individuals from unselected and autism cohorts with assessments of general intelligence. Statistical models used measures of intolerance to haploinsufficiency of genes included in CNVs to predict their effect size on intelligence. Intolerant genes decrease general intelligence by 0.8 and 2.6 points of intelligence quotient when duplicated or deleted, respectively. Effect sizes showed no heterogeneity across cohorts. Validation analyses demonstrated that models could predict CNV effect sizes with 78% accuracy. Data on the inheritance of 27,766 CNVs showed that deletions and duplications with the same effect size on intelligence occur de novo at the same frequency. We estimated that around 10,000 intolerant and tolerant genes negatively affect intelligence when deleted, and less than 2% have large effect sizes. Genes encompassed in CNVs were not enriched in any GOterms but gene regulation and brain expression were GOterms overrepresented in the intolerant subgroup. Such pervasive effects on cognition may be related to emergent properties of the genome not restricted to a limited number of biological pathways

Phenotypic effects of genetic variants associated with autism

While over 100 genes have been associated with autism, little is known about the prevalence of variants affecting them in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. Nor do we fully appreciate the phenotypic diversity beyond the formal autism diagnosis. Based on data from more than 13,000 individuals with autism and 210,000 undiagnosed individuals, we estimated the odds ratios for autism associated to rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in 185 genes associated with autism, alongside 2,492 genes displaying intolerance to LoF variants. In contrast to autism-centric approaches, we investigated the correlates of these variants in individuals without a diagnosis of autism. We show that these variants are associated with a small but significant decrease in fluid intelligence, qualification level and income and an increase in metrics related to material deprivation. These effects were larger for autism-associated genes than in other LoF-intolerant genes. Using brain imaging data from 21,040 individuals from the UK Biobank, we could not detect significant differences in the overall brain anatomy between LoF carriers and non-carriers. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effect of the genetic variants beyond categorical diagnosis and the need for more research to understand the association between these variants and sociodemographic factors, to best support individuals carrying these variants

Using rare genetic mutations to revisit structural brain asymmetry

Asymmetry between the left and right hemisphere is a key feature of brain organization. Hemispheric functional specialization underlies some of the most advanced human-defining cognitive operations, such as articulated language, perspective taking, or rapid detection of facial cues. Yet, genetic investigations into brain asymmetry have mostly relied on common variants, which typically exert small effects on brain-related phenotypes. Here, we leverage rare genomic deletions and duplications to study how genetic alterations reverberate in human brain and behavior. We designed a pattern-learning approach to dissect the impact of eight high-effect-size copy number variations (CNVs) on brain asymmetry in a multi-site cohort of 552 CNV carriers and 290 non-carriers. Isolated multivariate brain asymmetry patterns spotlighted regions typically thought to subserve lateralized functions, including language, hearing, as well as visual, face and word recognition. Planum temporale asymmetry emerged as especially susceptible to deletions and duplications of specific gene sets. Targeted analysis of common variants through genome-wide association study (GWAS) consolidated partly diverging genetic influences on the right versus left planum temporale structure. In conclusion, our gene-brain-behavior data fusion highlights the consequences of genetically controlled brain lateralization on uniquely human cognitive capacities

Rôle du dialogue entre le tissu adipeux et l’intestin dans le maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale

National audienc

Risks and Benefits of Prophylactic Transfusion before Cholecystectomy in Sickle Cell Disease

Preoperative transfusion (PT) reduces acute postoperative vaso-occlusive events (VOE) in sickle cell disease (SCD), but exposes patients to alloimmunization, encouraging a recent trend towards transfusion sparing. The aim of this study was to investigate the benefit–risk ratio of PT before cholecystectomy on the occurrence of postoperative VOE. Adult SCD patients who underwent cholecystectomy between 2008 and 2019 in our center were included. Patients’ characteristics, collected retrospectively, were compared according to PT. A total of 79 patients were included, 66% of whom received PT. Gallbladder histopathology found chronic cholecystitis (97%) and gallstones (66%). Transfused patients underwent more urgent surgeries and had experienced more painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in the month before surgery (p = 0.05). Four (8.5%) post-transfusion alloimmunizations occurred, and two of them caused a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) (4.3%). The occurrence of postoperative VOE was similar between the groups (19.2% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.45). Though not statistically significant, a history of hospitalized VOC within 6 months prior to surgery seemed to be associated to postoperative VOE among non-transfused patients (75% vs. 31.6%, p = 0.10). PT before cholecystectomy exposes to risks of alloimmunization and DHTR that could be avoided in some patients. Recent VOCs appear to be associated with a higher risk of postoperative VOE and prompt the preemptive transfusion of these patients