Motif Dan Proses Psikologis Korupsi

A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to identify and describe the phenomenon of corruption psychology. Two corruptors were interviewed to explore their perceptions on corrupt practices in Central Java. The interview conducted to explore informant perceptions on a real process. Interview data collected resulted in five themes: (1) Corruption is an act of abuse the authority, identical with theft, something that not run correctly, and using public money for personal and group interest intentionally; (2) The motives of the informants in doing corruption are solidarity with the friends\u27 doer, system that enables to corrupt, to earn much more money, and make friends; (3) Process of corruption; budget-making has been done by legislative and executive institution; marking-up the budget, facilities and allowances; reporting the administrative data manipulatively; inter-relating chain in corruption process; and distributing the aspiration fund without a proof of receipts; (4) The impact of corruption is making someone\u27s wiser in life, putting the corruptors in to the jail, humiliating their big family, and also, having a more debt, and (5) The settlement of problems that they employ is by using emotion-focused coping. Keywords: corruption, phenomenology, motive, impact, copin

Characteristics of the psoriatic arthritis (PsA) study population.

<p>Data obtained from self-reports.</p>A<p> = responders 1^st series of questionnaires;</p>B<p> = 1^st series PsAQoL complete; used for internal con- sistency assessment;</p>C<p> = 1^st and 2^nd series PsAQoL complete; used for calculating test-retest reliability;</p>D<p> = 1^st series PsAQoL, HAQ and Skindex complete; used for convergent validity analyses.</p><p>PsA, psoriatic arthritis; n, number; y, years; SD, standard deviation; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; anti-TNFα, anti-tumor necrosis factor α; NSAID, non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug; PsAQoL, psoriatic arthrtitis quality of life; HAQ, health assessement questionnaire.</p

Scores on the PsAQoL, HAQ and Skindex-17 at first and second assessment.

<p>PsAQoL, psoriatic arthritis quality of life; HAQ, health assessment questionnaire; Skin-17, Skindex-17; N, number of patients.</p

Convergent validity of the PsAQoL.

<p>PsAQoL, psoriatic arthritis quality of life; HAQ, health assessment questionnaire; Skin-17, Skindex-17.</p>*<p>P<0.01.</p

Bland-Altman plot PsAQoL.

<p>Difference between the 1^st and 2^nd PsAQoL plotted against the mean of both assessments. PsAQoL, Psoriatic Arthritis Quality of Life; LOA, limits of agreement; CI, confidence interval.</p

sLLT1 is increased in the serum of SAP, early and late-stage RA and SpA patients.

<p>A) Sera from HC (n = 31), SAP (n = 31), early RA patients (n = 39) and late RA patients (n = 26) and SpA patients (n = 26) were used to quantify the levels of soluble LLT1 using sandwich ELISA. Horizontal lines represent the mean value. Unpaired t test was used. B) Paired SF samples were used to compare the level of soluble LLT1 in PB and SF of long-standing RA (n = 26; Wilcoxon matched pairs test). Statistical significance is indicated as * for p <0.05, ** for p <0.001, and *** for p <0.0001. Rabbit polyclonal anti-LLT1 antibodies provided with a commercially available ELISA (MyBiosource) were used.</p

Baseline characteristics of included AS patients.

<p>Baseline characteristics of included AS patients.</p

Clinical and demographical characteristics of the subjects included in the study.

<p>HC = healthy controls; SAP = seropositive arthralgia patients; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; SpA = spondyloarthropathy; CRP = C-reactive protein; ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DAS28 = disease activity score 28; RF = rheumatoid factor; anti-CCP = anti-cyclic citrullinated proteins antibodies; BASDAI = bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index; ASDAS = ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score; nd = not defined; na = not applicable.</p><p>Clinical and demographical characteristics of the subjects included in the study.</p

Flow-cytometric detection of LLT1 expression in RA ST cells.

<p>A) Percentages of CD3+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells and CD68+ macrophages detected within the live cells gate of digested ST cells with flow cytometry. Briefly, necrotic cells were gated out based on the staining with the Fixable Viability Stain dye. Within the live cells gate lymphocytes and macrophages were gated based on FSC/SSC characteristics and CD68 expression, respectively. Within the lymphocyte gate T-cells and B-cells were gated based on CD3 and CD19 expression, respectively. Representative histogram overlays showing frequencies of B) LLT1+ and C) CD161+ cells within the populations of CD3+, CD19+ or CD68+ cells when compared to isotype control. D) Graphs show the percentages of LLT1 and CD161+ cells. Data from 4 independent donors were pooled. Bars represent the median value ± interquartile range. Mouse monoclonal anti-LLT1 antibody, clone 402659 (R&D Systems) was used.</p

Surface-expressed LLT1 is found on SF monocytes.

<p>Monocytes from A) peripheral blood and B) synovial fluid were gated based on forward and side scatter characteristics. After excluding CD3+ and CD56+ lymphocytes, monocytes were gated based on CD14 and CD16 expression. The frequency of LLT1+ cells was assessed within the total monocyte population. C) The frequency of LLT1+ monocytes and D) LLT1 MFI from paired samples of PB and SF (n = 14). Mouse monoclonal anti-LLT1 antibody, clone 402659 (R&D Systems) was used.</p