Viininmaistelun alkeet -tapahtuma Maria P:ssä

Tiivistelmä Tekijät: Paananen Riina ja Korkiakoski Merika Työn nimi: Viininmaistelun alkeet -tapahtuma Maria P:ssä Tutkintonimike: Restonomi (AMK), matkailun koulutus Asiasanat: tapahtuma, viini, viininmaistelu, Chile Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli suunnitella ja järjestää Viininmaistelun alkeet -tapahtuma. Tapahtuman toimeksiantajana toimi kajaanilainen yritys Viinibaari Maria P. Tapahtuma haluttiin toteuttaa baarin imagoon sopivaksi. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli saada Viini-baarille lisää asiakkaita tutustuttamalla kokemattomia viininmaistajia viineihin. Työ oli toiminnallinen opinnäytetyö, jonka tuotoksena oli Viininmaistelun alkeet -tapahtuma. Opinnäytetyöhön kerättiin teoriapohjaa viininmaistelusta sekä viinin ja ruoan yhdistämisestä, Chilestä viinimaana ja tapahtuman järjestämisestä. Näitä kaikkia käytettiin lopullisen tuotoksen valmistumiseen. Toteutuksen arviointina toimi tapahtumaan osallistuneilta saatu kirjallinen palaute. Palautteen mukaan kehittämistehtävän toteutuksessa onnistuttiin hyvin, sillä opinnäytetyön ennalta määritellyt tavoitteet saavutettiin. Opinnäytetyötä voidaan käyttää apuna jatkossa vastaavien tapahtumien suunnittelussa.Abstract Authors: Paananen Riina & Korkiakoski Merika Title of the Publication: Basics of wine tasting- event Degree title: Bachelor of Hospitality Management Keywords: event, wine, tasting, Chile The purpose for this thesis was to plan and arrange Basics of wine tasting –event. The commissioner for this thsesis was a local bar in Kajaani called Viinibaari Maria P. The event was planned to suit the imago of the bar. The objective of the thesis was to gain more customers to Viinibaari Maria P by introducing various wines to novice wine tasters. This research was a functional thesis which produced the Basics wine tasting event. The theory of this thesis focused on wine tasting, combining wine and food, Chile as a wine producer, and on planning and arranging an event. The feedback for the execution consists of the feedback forms that the customers of the event were asked to fill in. In addition observation method was used for evaluation. According to the feedback the event was successful because the objective of the thesis was reached. Our conclusion is that this thesis can be used as a guide in planning similar events

Bacterial–bacterial interactions.

<p>The composition of nasopharyngeal microbiota is constantly subject to interactions between species. Bacterial species can interact with other bacterial species by competition and synergism. Synergism can be characterized by, for instance, the production of components that favors another species, as shown for the production of outer membrane vesicles. These may contain factors that are able to inactivate complement factor C3, thereby allowing another species to escape the immune system. Production of substances by one species, for example hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), may eliminate its competitor. The immune system may also be involved in competition, as one bacterium has fewer escape mechanisms to evade the immune system than another and therefore may use co-inhabitants to survive, whereas the reverse phenomenon (i.e., one species may trigger the immune system to combat the other species) may also occur. In addition, since PhC (phosphorylcholine) is shown to be immunogenic and some species may be able to switch off PhC expression whereas others cannot, there might be a selective advantage. Another form of competition involves competition for the same host receptor, as demonstrated for PhC and its receptor platelet activating factor receptor (PAFr). Moreover, one species may use neuraminidase to cut off the sialic acids (SA) that other bacteria may require for attachment to host receptors, therefore inhibiting adherence of the other bacterial species. H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; PAFr, platelet activating factor receptor; PhC, phosphorylcholine; NA, neuraminidase; SA, sialic acid (SA); rSA, receptor for sialic acids; Ab, antibodies.</p

Viral detection in respiratory samples in asymptomatic children.

a<p>Related to geographical area.</p>b<p>Number of samples tested.</p>c<p>Stratified for season.</p>d<p>Picornavirus general.</p><p>M, months of age; Y, years of age; HRV, human rhinoviruses; EV, entero viruses; AdV, adeno viruses; HBoV, human bocavirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; CoV, corona viruses; IV, influenza viruses; PIV, para-influenza viruses; NS, not specified.</p

Viral–bacterial interactions.

<p>(A) Viral–bacterial interaction on the respiratory epithelial surface. Viral presence is thought to predispose the respiratory niche to bacterial colonization by different mechanisms. First, viruses may render the epithelium more susceptible to bacterial colonization by altering the mucosal surfaces. Ciliae may be damaged, leading to decreased mucociliar function of the respiratory epithelium. Additionally, due to viral-induced damage and loss of integrity of the epithelium layer, bacterial colonization may be enhanced and translocation may be increased. Virus-infected cells may decrease the expression of antimicrobial peptides, as shown for β-defensins, thereby affecting the natural defense of the host epithelium. Viral neuraminidase (NA) activity is able to cleave sialic acids residues, thereby giving access to bacterial receptors that were covered by these residues. Finally, viruses may induce bacterial colonization and replication both directly and indirectly, the latter by inducing upregulation of various receptors required for bacterial adherence, including PAFr, CAECAM-1, P5F, ICAM-1, and G-protein. PAFr, platelet activating factor receptor; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1; P5 fimbriae, outer membrane protein P5-homologous fimbriae; CAECAM-1, carcinoembryonic adhesion molecule-1; PhC, phosphorylcholine; SA, sialic acids; rSA, receptor for sialic acids; NA, neuraminidase; mRNA, messenger RNA, AMPs, antimicrobial peptides. (B) Viral–bacterial interaction in relation to the host immune system. Viruses may also induce changes in immune function favorable to bacterial invasion: fewer NK cells may be recruited into the tissue and their functionality may be suboptimal as a consequence of viral infection. Virus-induced IFN-α and IFN-β may impair recruitment and functionality of neutrophils, and subsequently induce apoptosis of neutrophils recruited to combat the viral invader. Furthermore, IFN-γ seems to negatively affect the activity of macrophages. Viral-infected monocytes appear less effective in ingesting and killing bacteria, predisposing them to bacterial overgrowth and invasion. Viral infection seems to impair TLR pathways, induce production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and decrease the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, generally affecting adequate immune responses to bacterial infections. Black arrows indicate increased (↑) or decreased (↓) activity or functionality of a cytokine. IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TLR, toll like receptor; IL, interleukin; NK cell, natural killer cell.</p

Viral–bacterial interaction based on data available from human, animal, and in vitro studies.

<p>Virus (column one) and respective bacterium (column two) for which interactions were observed (column three), and source of evidence: from human studies (column four), animal studies (column five), or in vitro studies (column six) showing type of epithelium tested.</p><p>NA, data not available from literature.</p

Timing of an Adolescent Booster after Single Primary Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate Immunization at Young Age; An Intervention Study among Dutch Teenagers

<div><p>Background</p><p>Meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) specific antibody levels decline rapidly after a single primary MenC conjugate (MenCC) vaccination in preschool children. A second MenCC vaccination during (pre)adolescence might attain longer lasting individual and herd protection. We aimed to establish an appropriate age for a (pre)adolescent MenCC booster vaccination.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A phase-IV trial with healthy 10-year-olds (n = 91), 12-year-olds (n = 91) and 15-year-olds (n = 86) who were primed with a MenCC vaccine nine years earlier. All participants received a booster vaccination with the same vaccine. Serum bactericidal antibody assay titers (SBA, using baby rabbit complement), MenC-polysaccharide (MenC-PS) specific IgG, IgG subclass and avidity and tetanus-specific IgG levels were measured prior to (T0) and 1 month (T1) and 1 year (T2) after the booster. An SBA titer ≥8 was the correlate of protection.</p><p>Results</p><p>258 (96.3%) participants completed all three study visits. At T0, 19% of the 10-year-olds still had an SBA titer ≥8, compared to 34% of the 12-year-olds (P = 0.057) and 45% of the 15-year-olds (P<0.001). All participants developed high SBA titers (GMTs>30,000 in all age groups) and MenC-PS specific IgG levels at T1. IgG levels mainly consisted of IgG1, but the contribution of IgG2 increased with age. At T2, 100% of participants still had an SBA titer ≥8, but the 15-year-olds showed the highest protective antibody levels and the lowest decay.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Nine years after primary MenCC vaccination adolescents develop high protective antibody levels in response to a booster and are still sufficiently protected one year later. Our results suggest that persistence of individual - and herd - protection increases with the age at which an adolescent booster is administered.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>EU Clinical Trials Database <a href="https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:2011-000375-13" target="_blank">2011-000375-13</a> Dutch Trial Register <a href="http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3521" target="_blank">NTR3521</a></p></div

Represents the results from univariate regression analysis. Significant correlations between 15 variables and the top 100 OTUs are depicted.

<p>The x-axis depicts the respective OTUs and the y–axis the 15 variables tested. The heatmap shows significant correlations (p-value less than 0.05) from univariate analysis. Blue squares show positive changes in relative abundance, whereas red squares show negative correlations. The intensity of colour correlates with the magnitude of the (log) fold change value (see colour key).</p

Meningococcal serogroup C PS-specific IgM levels.

<p>Levels of IgM in the pre-MenC introduction era are shown in grey bars, the post-MenC introduction era are shown in black bars. Routine immunization is offered in the post-MenC introduction era at 14 months of age and children and adolescents between 5–21 years of age received a single immunization 4–5 years earlier. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Age at bloodsampling is indicated in years or as stated otherwise (mo  =  age in months).</p

Correlation between levels of Meningococcal serogroup C PS-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG avidity within immunized or non-immunized cohorts in the post-immunization era.

<p>A) Concentrations of IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and the percentage of persons with a relatively low AI in each cohort. B) Correlation between IgG1 and IgG in the 11 immunized cohorts (15 months to 21 years of age, filled triangles) or in the 4 non-immunized cohorts (22 to 79 years of age, open triangles). C) Correlation between IgG2 and IgG in the 11 immunized cohorts (15 months to 21 years of age, filled circles) or in the 4 non-immunized cohorts (22 to 79 years of age, open circles). D) Correlation between IgG1 and the percentage of individuals with low AI in the 11 immunized cohorts (15 months to 21 years of age, filled triangles) or in the 4 non-immunized cohorts (22 to 79 years of age, open triangles). E) Correlation between IgG2 and the percentage of individuals with low AI in the 11 immunized cohorts (15 months to 21 years of age, filled triangles) or in the 4 non-immunized cohorts (22 to 79 years of age, open triangles). F) Comparison of the AI's of sera with an IgG1/IgG2 ratio >1 and an IgG1/IgG2 ratio <1. * <i>P</i><0.0001.</p

Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) of Meningococcal Serogroup C (MenC) Specific Serum Bactericidal Antibody (SBA) and Proportion of Participants with an SBA titer ≥8 and ≥128 prior to (T0) and 1 Month (T1) and 1 Year (T2) after the MenC Conjugate Booster.

<p><b>NOTE</b>: Differences between groups in SBA GMTs at T0 were determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences between groups in SBA GMTs at T1 and T2 were determined with linear regression analyses, adjusting for titers at T0. An SBA titer ≥8 was considered as international correlate of protection. Differences between groups in proportion of participants with an SBA titer ≥8 and ≥128 was determined with χ²-tests.</p><p>* P-values were adjusted for three comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Extensive results of the crude and adjusted linear regression analyses are outlined in supplementary <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100651#pone.0100651.s001" target="_blank">table S1</a>.</p