83 research outputs found
Optical orientation of electron spins and valence band spectroscopy in germanium
We have investigated optical orientation in the vicinity of the direct gap of
bulk germanium. The electron spin polarization is studied via
polarization-resolved photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy unfolding the
interplay between doping and ultrafast electron transfer from the center of the
Brillouin zone towards its edge. As a result, the direct-gap photoluminescence
circular polarisation can vary from 30% to -60% when the excitation laser
energy increases. This study provides also simultaneous access to the resonant
electronic Raman scattering due to inter-valence band excitations of
spin-polarized holes, yielding a fast and versatile spectroscopic approach for
the determination of the energy spectrum of holes in semiconducting materials
Secretion-Positive LGI1 Mutations Linked to Lateral Temporal Epilepsy Impair Binding to ADAM22 and ADAM23 Receptors
Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADTLE) is a focal epilepsy syndrome caused by mutations in the LGI1 gene, which encodes a secreted protein. Most ADLTE-causing mutations inhibit LGI1 protein secretion, and only a few secretion-positive missense mutations have been reported. Here we describe the effects of four disease-causing nonsynonymous LGI1 mutations, T380A, R407C, S473L, and R474Q, on protein secretion and extracellular interactions. Expression of LGI1 mutant proteins in cultured cells shows that these mutations do not inhibit protein secretion. This finding likely results from the lack of effects of these mutations on LGI1 protein folding, as suggested by 3D protein modelling. In addition, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that all four mutations significantly impair interaction of LGI1 with the ADAM22 and ADAM23 receptors on the cell surface. These results support the existence of a second mechanism, alternative to inhibition of protein secretion, by which ADLTE-causing LGI1 mutations exert their loss-of-function effect extracellularly, and suggest that interactions of LGI1 with both ADAM22 and ADAM23 play an important role in the molecular mechanisms leading to ADLTE
Sixth European seminar in virology on virus\u2013host interaction at single cell and organism level
The 6th European Seminar in Virology (EuSeV) was held in Bertinoro, Italy, 22\u201324 June 2018,
and brought together international scientists and young researchers working in the field of Virology.
Sessions of the meeting included: virus\u2013host-interactions at organism and cell level; virus evolution
and dynamics; regulation; immunity/immune response; and disease and therapy. This report
summarizes lectures by the invited speakers and highlights advances in the field
Recommended from our members
Strong confinement-induced engineering of the g factor and lifetime of conduction electron spins in Ge quantum wells
Control of electron spin coherence via external fields is fundamental in spintronics. Its implementation demands a host material that accommodates the desirable but contrasting requirements of spin robustness against relaxation mechanisms and sizeable coupling between spin and orbital motion of the carriers. Here, we focus on Ge, which is a prominent candidate for shuttling spin quantum bits into the mainstream Si electronics. So far, however, the intrinsic spin-dependent phenomena of free electrons in conventional Ge/Si heterojunctions have proved to be elusive because of epitaxy constraints and an unfavourable band alignment. We overcome these fundamental limitations by investigating a two-dimensional electron gas in quantum wells of pure Ge grown on Si. These epitaxial systems demonstrate exceptionally long spin lifetimes. In particular, by fine-tuning quantum confinement we demonstrate that the electron Landé g factor can be engineered in our CMOS-compatible architecture over a range previously inaccessible for Si spintronics
Drug Repurposing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: The Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitor Safinamide Ameliorates the Pathological Phenotype in mdx Mice and in Myogenic Cultures From DMD Patients
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophies. We previously reported that the mitochondrial enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a relevant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only in murine models of muscular dystrophy, in which it directly contributes to contractile impairment, but also in muscle cells from Collagen VI-deficient patients. Here we now assessed the efficacy of a novel MAO-B inhibitor, safinamide, using in vivo and in vitro models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Specifically, we found that administration of safinamide in 3-month old mdx mice reduced myofiber damage and oxidative stress, and improved muscle functionality. In vitro studies with myogenic cultures from mdx mice and DMD patients showed that even cultured dystrophic myoblasts were more susceptible to oxidative stress than matching cells from healthy donors. Indeed, upon exposure to the MAO substrate tyramine or to hydrogen peroxide, DMD muscle cells displayed a rise in ROS levels and a consequent mitochondrial depolarization. Remarkably, both phenotypes normalized when cultures were treated with safinamide. Given that safinamide is already in clinical use for neurological disorders, our findings could pave the way towards a promising translation into clinical trials for DMD patients as a classic case of drug repurposing
Self-Aligning Finger Exoskeleton for the Mobilization of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint
In the context of hand and finger rehabilitation,
kinematic compatibility is key for the acceptability
and clinical exploitation of robotic devices. Different kinematic
chain solutions have been proposed in the state of
the art, with different trade-offs between characteristics
of kinematic compatibility, adaptability to different anthropometries,
and the ability to compute relevant clinical
information. This study presents the design of a novel
kinematic chain for the mobilization of the metacarpophalangeal
(MCP) joint of the long fingers and a mathematical
model for the real-time computation of the joint angle and
transferred torque. The proposed mechanism can self-align
with the human joint without hindering force transfer or
inducing parasitic torque. The chain has been designed
for integration into an exoskeletal device aimed at rehabilitating
traumatic-hand patients. The exoskeleton actuation
the unit has a series-elastic architecture for compliant human-robot
interaction and has been assembled and preliminarily
tested in experiments with eight human subjects. Performance
has been investigated in terms of (i) the accuracy of
the MCP joint angle estimation through comparison with
a video-based motion tracking system, (ii) residual MCP
torque when the exoskeleton is controlled to provide null
output impedance and (iii) torque-tracking performance.
Results showed a root-mean-square error (RMSE) below
5 degrees in the estimated MCP angle. The estimated residual
MCP torque resulted below 7 mNm. Torque tracking performance
shows an RMSE lower than 8 mNm in following
sinusoidal reference profiles. The results encourage further
investigations of the device in a clinical scenario
Recommended from our members
Chip-Scalable, Room-Temperature, Zero-Bias, Graphene-Based Terahertz Detectors with Nanosecond Response Time.
The scalable synthesis and transfer of large-area graphene underpins the development of nanoscale photonic devices ideal for new applications in a variety of fields, ranging from biotechnology, to wearable sensors for healthcare and motion detection, to quantum transport, communications, and metrology. We report room-temperature zero-bias thermoelectric photodetectors, based on single- and polycrystal graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), tunable over the whole terahertz range (0.1-10 THz) by selecting the resonance of an on-chip patterned nanoantenna. Efficient light detection with noise equivalent powers <1 nWHz-1/2 and response time âŒ5 ns at room temperature are demonstrated. This combination of specifications is orders of magnitude better than any previous CVD graphene photoreceiver operating in the sub-THz and THz range. These state-of-the-art performances and the possibility of upscaling to multipixel architectures on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor platforms are the starting points for the realization of cost-effective THz cameras in a frequency range still not covered by commercially available microbolometer arrays
- âŠ