Contingent Fees and Tort Reform: A Reassessment and Reality Check

När ett datorprogram kraschar kan en så kallad kraschdump skapas sominnehåller information över hur arbetsminnet och delar av processorn såg ut vidkraschen [1]. Dessa dumpar är väsentliga för att sedan fixa buggar som orsakarkraschen i programmet

Cosmic rays from remnants of quasars?

Considerations of the collision losses for protons traversing the 2.7 K black body microwave radiation field have led to the conclusion that the highest energy cosmic rays, those observed at $\geq 10^{20}$ eV, must come from sources within the present epoch. In light of this constraint, it is here suggested that these particles may be accelerated near the event horizons of spinning supermassive black holes associated with presently inactive quasar remnants. The required emf is generated by the black hole induced rotation of externally supplied magnetic field lines threading the horizon. Producing the observed flux of the highest energy cosmic rays would constitute a negligible drain on the black hole dynamo. Observations with upcoming air shower arrays and space missions may lead to the identification of candidate dormant galaxies which harbor such black holes. Although the highest energy events observed so far are accounted for within the context of this scenario, a spectral upper bound at $\sim 10^{21}$ eV is expected since the acceleration to higher energies appears to be precluded, on general grounds.Comment: Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc., in press. 5 pages, 1 tabl