Comparİson of the effects of jumping rope and aiİlity ladder exercise program on agility performance in boxers

Bu araştırma, elit erkek boksörlerde 6 haftalık ip atlama ve çeviklik merdiveni egzersiz programlarının çeviklik performansına etkisinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma grubu, Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Boks Şubesinde lisanslı, yaş ortalamaları 17,95±2,24 vücut ağırlığı ortalamaları 62,42±6,16 olan 21 gönüllü erkek boksörden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmaya katılan sporcular; ip atlama grubu, çeviklik merdiveni grubu ve kontrol grubu olarak üçe ayrılmıştır. Boksa özgü yaklaşık 15 dakikalık ısınmanın ardından ip grubuna,1 dakika egzersiz 30 saniye dinlenme, 1 haftada her biri 10 hareketten oluşan 3 farklı egzersiz programı; merdiven grubuna, 1 haftada her biri 15 hareketten oluşan 3 farklı egzersiz programı ve her iki gruba teknik antrenmanda uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubu yalnızca teknik antrenmana katılmıştır. 6 haftalık programların öncesinde ve sonrasında İllinois ile Hexagon çeviklik testleri uygulanmıştır. Ön test ve son test değerleri farkına t-test ile bakıldığında; ip atlama ve çeviklik merdiveni gruplarındaki boksörlere uygulanan çeviklik testi sonuçlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Kontrol grubundaki boksörlere uygulanan çeviklik test sonuçlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir (p>0.05). Deney ve kontrol grubunun uygulanan testler bakımından farklılığına ilişkin tek yönlü varyans analizinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak ip atlama ve çeviklik merdiveni antrenman programlarının çeviklik yetisini geliştirmede etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.This research was conducted to compare the effects of 6-week rope skipping and agility ladder exercise programs on agility performance in elite male boxers. The research group consists of 21 volunteer male boxers licensed in Fenerbahçe Sports Club Boxing Branch with an average age of 17.95±2.24 and an average body weight of 62.42±6.16. Athletes participating in the study; The rope skipping group was divided into three as agility ladder group and control group. After warming up for about 15 minutes specific to boxing, 1 minute exercise, 30 seconds rest, 3 different exercise programs consisting of 10 movements each in 1 week; 3 different exercise programs consisting of 15 movements each were applied to the ladder group in 1 week and technical training was applied to both groups. The control group only participated in the technical training. Before and after the 6-week programs, Illinois and Hexagon agility tests were applied. When the difference between pretest and post-test values is examined by t-test; Statistically significant differences were found in the agility test results applied to the boxers in the jump rope and agility ladder groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the agility test results applied to the boxers in the control group (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference was found in the one-way analysis of variance regarding the differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of the tests applied (p<0.05). As a result, it was aimed that jumping rope and agility ladder training programs were effective in improving agility ability

Mucosal Lipocalin 2 Has Pro-Inflammatory and Iron-Sequestering Effects in Response to Bacterial Enterobactin

Nasal colonization by both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens induces expression of the innate immune protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2). Lcn2 binds and sequesters the iron-scavenging siderophore enterobactin (Ent), preventing bacterial iron acquisition. In addition, Lcn2 bound to Ent induces release of IL-8 from cultured respiratory cells. As a countermeasure, pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family such as Klebsiella pneumoniae produce additional siderophores such as yersiniabactin (Ybt) and contain the iroA locus encoding an Ent glycosylase that prevents Lcn2 binding. Whereas the ability of Lcn2 to sequester iron is well described, the ability of Lcn2 to induce inflammation during infection is unknown. To study each potential effect of Lcn2 on colonization, we exploited K. pneumoniae mutants that are predicted to be susceptible to Lcn2-mediated iron sequestration (iroA ybtS mutant) or inflammation (iroA mutant), or to not interact with Lcn2 (entB mutant). During murine nasal colonization, the iroA ybtS double mutant was inhibited in an Lcn2-dependent manner, indicating that the iroA locus protects against Lcn2-mediated growth inhibition. Since the iroA single mutant was not inhibited, production of Ybt circumvents the iron sequestration effect of Lcn2 binding to Ent. However, colonization with the iroA mutant induced an increased influx of neutrophils compared to the entB mutant. This enhanced neutrophil response to Ent-producing K. pneumoniae was Lcn2-dependent. These findings suggest that Lcn2 has both pro-inflammatory and iron-sequestering effects along the respiratory mucosa in response to bacterial Ent. Therefore, Lcn2 may represent a novel mechanism of sensing microbial metabolism to modulate the host response appropriately

Co2 depolama sahalarının doğal benzerlerı olarak Türkiye’deki jeotermal sistemlerin jeokimyasal karakterizasyonu.

To mitigate the unfavourable effect of CO2 emission on global warming and climate change, geological storage of CO2 is currently regarded to be one of the major strategies. Deep saline formations constitute one of the alternative reservoirs for hosting the injected CO2 and the information about the behaviour of these reservoirs is provided via the studies of natural analogues. This thesis is concerned with the geothermal systems of Turkey as natural analogues for CO2 storage sites and the evaluation of their geochemical characteristics in terms of possible hydrogeochemical processes involved in CO2 storage. For the selected geothermal fields from western, eastern and northern Anatolia, the hydrogeochemical processes and potential trapping mechanisms controlling the systems are determined with the assistance of various geochemical approaches including the geochemical characterization of the system, speciation-solubility calculations, estimation of relative contribution of carbonate and sulphate minerals to the system, and modelling studies (such as inverse modelling, dedolomitization modelling) depending on the behaviour of the field. The results lead to the recognition of three different groups of geothermal systems with respect to the dominant trapping mechanisms: mineral trapping, solubility trapping and mineral ± solubility trapping. In some of the fields from western Anatolia, mineral trapping seems to be the major mechanism, while the others show the effects of both mineral and solubility trapping; a special mechanism named dedolomitization is also identified for Emet geothermal field. For eastern Anatolian fields, and for the fields located along the North Anatolian Fault Zone, solubility trapping is the dominant mechanism.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Geothermal systems as natural analogues for geological storage of CO2: implications for trapping mechanisms from hydrogeochemistry of western Anatolian fluids (Turkey).

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a widely accepted strategy to reduce the unfavourable effects of CO2 emission on global warming. Natural analogues provide a valuable source for the investigation of the behaviour of CO2 at subsurface after its injection. Geothermal fields, representing deep saline aquifers, are considered as natural analogues for CO2 storage sites. This study focuses on the geothermal systems of western Anatolia (Turkey) to investigate the possible CO2-fixation mechanisms by using the published hydrogeochemical data relevant to these systems. The investigation is performed with the assistance of various geochemical approaches including speciation-solubility calculations and modelling studies (such as inverse modelling, dedolomitization modelling). The results lead to the recognition of two different groups of geothermal systems with respect to the trapping mechanisms: mineral trapping and mineral + solubility trapping. In the high-enthalpy fields of western Anatolia, mineral trapping seems to be the major mechanism, while the others show the effects of both mineral and solubility trapping; a special mechanism named dedolomitization (dolomite dissolution accompanied by calcite precipitation) is also identified as a potential mechanism for one of the geothermal fields. Being relevant to CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers, the conclusions from this study point to the importance of temperature control on the types of trapping mechanisms, high temperatures promoting mineral precipitation and hence increasing the security of storage

Geochemical characterization of geothermal systems in western Anatolia (Turkey): implications for CO2 trapping mechanisms in prospective CO2-EGS sites

Geological storage of CO2 is currently regarded as one of the major strategies to mitigate the increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions from large-scale point sources. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a novel concept in which CO2 is used as a working fluid to increase energy recovery, combined with its subsurface storage. In this study, the geothermal systems of western Anatolia are considered as potential sites for EGS, and the published hydrogeochemical data relevant to these systems are compiled and evaluated in terms of potential water/CO2/rock interaction processes. The evaluation is performed with geochemical approaches including speciation-solubility calculations, and inverse and dedolomitization modelling. The results lead to the recognition of two different groups with respect to the effective processes: carbonate precipitation, and carbonate precipitation plus dissolution. In high-enthalpy fields, carbonate precipitation seems to be the major mechanism, while others show the effects of both precipitation and dissolution; dedolomitization is also identified as a potential mechanism for one of the fields. These processes are examined with regard to CO2-fixation; carbonate precipitation may lead to mineral trapping while carbonate dissolution provides additional cations to the system to react with CO2. Being relevant to CO2 storage in geothermal fields, the conclusions from this study point to the importance of temperature control for CO2 stabilization, as high temperatures seem to promote mineral trapping. The success of a CO2-EGS project depends on complete geochemical characterization of reservoir processes with further kinetic modelling accompanying the thermodynamic modelling exemplified by this study. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Olası CO2 Depolama Sahaları Olarak Akköy ve Edremit Jeotermal Sistemlerindeki Akışkan - Kayaç Etkileşimlerinin Jeokimyasal Modellemesi: Ön Çalışma Sonuçları

CO2 ’in yeraltında depolanması, i) insan kaynaklı emisyonlardan dolayı atmosferdeki CO2 miktarındaki artışın ve ii) bu emisyonların, küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği üzerindeki istenmeyen etkilerinin azaltılması konusundaki başlıca stratejilerden bir tanesidir. Geliştirilmiş Jeotermal Sistemler (EGS), CO2 ’in rezervuara geri basımı ile enerji üretiminin arttırılmasının yanı sıra yeraltında depolanmasını sağlayan yenilikçi bir yaklaşımdır. Bu ön çalışma kapsamında, olası EGS sahaları olarak Batı Anadolu’daki iki jeotermal sistemin (Akköy-Denizli ve Edremit-Balıkesir) CO2 -akışkan-kayaç etkileşimi açısından jeokimyasal modelleri oluşturulup değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, sahalara ait kırıntı kayaç örneklerinden, rezervuar seviyelerini temsil edecek şekilde örnekler seçilmiş ve mikroskop çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oluşturulan jeokimyasal modellerde kritik bir girdi olan “modal mineraloji”, bu çalışmalar ile belirlenmiştir. PHREEQC yazılımı kullanılarak hazırlanan bu modeller, denge, kinetik ve reaktif-taşınım modellemelerini içermektedir. Modelleme sonuçları ile i) sistemlerdeki potansiyel jeokimyasal reaksiyonlar belirlenmiş, ii) olası bir CO2 enjeksiyonu sonrasında sistemin ne kadar sürede yeniden dengeye ulaşabileceği yorumlanmış ve iii) CO2 ’in rezervuarda ne kadar mesafe yol alabileceği incelenmiştir. Akköy ve Edremit sahaları farklı rezervuar litolojilerine sahip olduğundan (sırasıyla şist-kalkşist-mermer ve aglomera birimleri) elde edilen modelleme sonuçları, mineralojik farklılıkların sisteme CO2 eklendiğinde oluşturacağı etkiyi karşılaştırma ve yorumlama imkanı sağlamıştır. Bu ön çalışma, jeotermal sistemlere uygulanabilecek olası CO2 depolama projelerinin jeokimyasal olarak değerlendirilmesi açısından bir örnek teşkil etmektedir.Geological storage of CO2 is regarded as one of the major strategies to reduce i) the increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions and ii) the unfavourable effect of these emissions on global warming and climate change. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a novel concept in which CO2 is reinjected into the reservoir to increase energy recovery, combined with its subsurface storage. Within the framework of this preliminary study, geochemical models of two geothermal fields (Akköy-Denizli and Edremit-Balıkesir) from western Anatolia, regarded as potential EGS sites, have been constructed and assessed in terms of CO2 -water-rock interactions. In this regard, samples that belong to the reservoir levels of relevant fields are selected from drill cuttings and these samples are studied under microscope. The “modal mineralogy” which is a critical constituent of the input data in geochemical modelling, is determined via these studies. The geochemical models are comprised of equilibrium, kinetic and reactive-transport modelling which are performed with the utilization of PHREEQC software. The modelling results indicate i) the potential geochemical reactions in the systems, ii) the time required for the systems to reach equilibrium following the CO2 injection and iii) the distance that CO2 covers in the reservoir. Since the fields Akköy and Edremit have different reservoir lithologies (schist-calcschist-marble and agglomerate units, respectively), the results of each model can be used to compare and analyse the effect of mineralogical differences in case of a CO2 addition to the systems. This study provides an example, as a preliminary survey, of geochemical assessment of CO2 storage in geothermal systems for the implementation of prospective projects