Distance learning: opportunities and challenges in quarantine.

The urgent introduction of distance education into the learning process due to the COVID-19 pandemic has become a spontaneous experiment, requiring urgent decisions, effective mechanisms to implement into the educational process and analysis of ongoing educational process. The possibilities of modern digital technologies made it possible to quickly set up the information component of education and to controle student’s knowledge. A detailed analysis of the communication between the faculty members of the department among themselves and analysis of the features of teaching and self-education of students in the field of medical radiology and oncology based on answers and comments with using Google classroom, Socrative, Messenger Telegram, etc. was made. Issues of communicative interaction between faculty members and students, psychological aspects of distance communication, language of instruction, logistics of distance education and methodological problems are described in details. It has been suggested that distance education may be equally effective for theoretical subjects in full-time study form, but when studying clinical disciplines, the priority should be given to traditional methods of teaching, involving student's bedside training. Taking into account technical possibilities and high risk of development of extreme and emergency situations, it is suggested to introduce permanent readiness for distance education, to create all – Ukrainian distance imitation service of patients’ follow-up. The importance of using the state language in training as the basis for mastering the professional Ukrainian and English language as the basis for mastering international medical experience is indicated

Internet-based remote sensing and manipulation in micro environment

Recent developments in the Internet have significantly increased the human capability to reach and obtain information from remote locations. In parallel, the advent of micro sensors and actuators makes it possible for humans to sense and act in a microenvironment. Combined, the Internet and ME will produce a new technology for humans to sense and act in remote microenvironments, allowing the potential development of micro teleoperation and micro automation technologies. These new technologies have potential impact on several fields, including remote micro-automation and biomedical engineering. In this paper, we will present our ongoing development of polyvinylidence fluoride (PVDF) sensors that can be used force-reflective control of micromechanical devices over the Internet. Internet based teleoperation between Hong Kong and Michigan State was demonstrated using an event-based control scheme, which ensured stability and synchronization. Control was enhanced by multimedia feedback, which included, in add ition to the traditional video, force feedback. The force fed back augmented the limited information supplied by visual feedback. We believe this project will eventually make a great impact to the globalization of MEMS foundries because it will allow global users to micro-assemble and micro-manipulate surface micromachined devices from their laboratories, and hence, reduce the time from design to production significantly.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

A bone reaming system using micro sensors for Internet force-feedback control

The development of a medical surgical tool packaged with micro sensors for transmission of Supermedia information over the Internet is described in this paper. We define Supermedia as a set of communication media, which encompasses acoustic, force, visual, audio, temperature, tactile, and chemical (e.g., taste an smell) information, and which can be physically experienced by a communicator. In this project, we specifically develop Supermedia capability for a bone-reaming system that is used for intramedullary fixation procedure of fractured bone treatments. Thus far, transmission of temperature, force, and pressure information from MEMS sensors over the Internet has been demonstrated. Force-reflective control over the Internet using force information from a micro tip has also been shown. We have also packaged a MEMS pressure sensor inside a bone reaming guide-rod and proved that pressure variations inside a long cavity that simulated the environment inside a bone can be monitored, even with the guide-rod rotating up to 600rpm. This paper describes our experimental methods and gives the experimental results for these accomplishments.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Modeling and control of Internet based cooperative teleoperation

Robotic operations carried out via the Internet face several challenges and difficulties. These range from human-computer interfacing and human-robot interaction to overcoming random time delay and task synchronization. These limitations are intensified when multi-operators at multi-sites are collaboratively teleoperating multi-robots to achieve a certain task. In this paper, a new modeling and control method for Internet-based cooperative teleoperation is developed. Combining Petri Net model and event-based planning and control theory, the new method provides an efficient way to model the concurrence and complexity of the Internet-based cooperative teleoperation. It also provides an efficient analysis tool to study the stability, transparency and synchronization of the system. Furthermore, the new modeling and control method enables us to design an Internet-based cooperative telerobotic system that is reliable, safe and intelligent. This new method has been experimentally implemented in a three site tes t bed consisting of robotic laboratories in the USA, Hong Kong and Japan. The experimental results have verified the theoretical development and further demonstrated the advantages of the new modeling and control method.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Multi-site real-time tele-cooperation via the Internet

Robotic operations carried out via the Internet face several challenges and difficulties. These range from human-computer interfacing and human-robot interaction to overcoming random time delay and task synchronization. These limitations are intensified when multi-operators at multi-sites are collaboratively teleoperating multi-robots to achieve a certain task. In this paper, a new modeling and control method for Internet-based cooperative teleoperation is developed. Combining the Petri Net model and event-based planning and control theory, the new method provides an efficient way to model the concurrence and complexity of the Internet-based cooperative teleoperation. It also provides an efficient analysis tool to study the stability, transparency and synchronization of the system. Furthermore, the new modeling and control method enables us to design an Internet-based cooperative telerobotic system that is reliable, safe and intelligent. This new method has been experimentally implemented in a three-site test bed consisting of robotic laboratories in the USA, Hong Kong and Japan. The experimental results have verified the theoretical development, and further demonstrated the advantages of the new modeling and control method.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Internet based cooperative teleoperation

Robotic operations carried out via the Internet face several challenges and difficulties. These range from human-computer interfacing and human-robot interaction to overcoming random time delay and task synchronization. These limitations are intensified when multi-operators at multi-sites are collaboratively tele-operating multi-robots to achieve a certain task. Such a system is presented here, modeled and analyzed. The two main characteristics of this system are Internet based real-time closed loop control and coordinated operation. Modeling and analysis is done using Petri Nets, which is a graphical and mathematical modeling tool with very attractive features. These feature are based on its ability to describe and study systems that are characterized as being concurrent, asynchronous, distributed, parallel, non-deterministic and/or stochastic. Thus, it is a very adequate and efficient tool for studying distributed robotic systems. Specifically, it will be used to show that despite random time delay the stability and synchronization of the system were achieved using event-based control.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Прогностична цінність клінічних, лабораторних та молекулярних предикторів у формуванні персонифікованих підходів до лікування раку молочної залози.

Background. The death rate from breast cancer in the past 10 years has increased steadily and has won first place in frequency among women. Despite advances in modern oncofarmakology, there is a heterogeneous tumor response to treatment between different patients. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the relationship between tumor response to systemic therapy and general and histological characteristics of patient’s tumors, including molecular subtypes of breast cancer, identify patterns between antropometric parameters of patients, comorbidities, and tumor response to the treatment; to study the effect of hematological, blood biochemical parameters on the results of the treatment of breast cancer. Methods. Molecular subtypes of breast cancer were established among 7521 patients, their changebility or stability in 67. Overall survival data was available for 491 patients with metastatic disease, peculiarities of development of metastases based on RECIST 1.1. criteria - 306. Retrospectively reviewed medical records of 110 patients with inoperable breast cancer (breast cancer) who received systemic therapy for the standard scheme. In the course of treatment were studied indicators such as: medical history of patients, life history, hematology, blood biochemistry, the results of primary and repeated histological and immunohistochemical studies of tumors, determination of molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Results. The distribution of the molecular subtypes of patients were as follows: A luminal - 69% luminal B - 9%, HER-2 / neu-positive - 7%, triple negative - 15%. Accounting factor Ki-67 (≥14%) led to an increase in the frequency of luminal B subtype from 9% to 19% by reducing the luminal A. In 44.8% of patients it was noted a change of molecular subtypes. Targeted therapy (Herceptin) in these patients allowed to overcome unfavorable prognostic background - results in median survival from them (41,3±4,5 months) were higher than in the group without Herceptin (27,4±3,4 months) and higher than the HER-2 / neu-negative patients (38,1±3,0 months). The value of coefficient Spearman rank correlation to tumor response and the factor of menopause, age, general condition of the patient were - 0.174; -0.222; -0.250 (P <0.05), in accordance. The status of regional nodes N and tumor response have the correlation coefficient: - 0,265; (P <0.05), the status of the primary tumor T and metastases M - 0.107; and -0.071 (p> 0.05), in accordance. In the presence of neutropenia at 1 week after treatment it has been revealed significantly better tumor response to treatment - the correlation coefficient: 0.204 (p <0.05). Conclusion. Molecular subtypes detection had shown that HER-2/neu-positive and tripple negative breast cancer demonstrated the most aggresive course of disease. It was found that a more pronounced tumor response to combination chemotherapy can be expected in young patients, pre-menopausal, high ECOG status. The presence of neutropenia has a significantly positive impact on the results of treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer.Несмотря на достижения современной онкофармакологии, в клинической практике отмечается гетерогенный ответ опухоли на лечение у различных пациентов, что диктует необходимость персонифицированного лечения. В данном исследовании было изучено влияние стадии, анамнеза болезни, гистологических характеристик опухолевого процесса, молекулярных подтипов опухоли, антропометрических показателей пациентов, гематологических, биохимических показателей крови на результаты полихимиотерапии неоперабельного рака молочной железы, что является практически значимым при подборе оптимальных схем системного лечения.Незважаючи на досягнення сучасної онкофармакологіі, в клінічній практиці відзначається гетерогенна відповідь пухлини на лікування у різних пацієнтів. В даному дослідженні було вивчено вплив стадії, анамнезу хвороби, гістологічних характеристик пухлинного процесу, молекулярних підтипів пухлини, антропометричних показників пацієнтів, гематологічних, біохімічних показників крові на результати поліхіміотерапії неоперабельного раку молочної залози, що має важливе практичне значення при підборі оптимальних схем системного лікування

Breast cancer. From molecular biology to personified therapy.

Advances in molecular biology had changed approaches to systemic treatment of breast cancer. Clinical decisions on the choice of optimal treatment regimens are performing on the basis of immunohistochemical and molecular genetic classifications. Their increasing uses have contributed changes of paradigm for cancer treatment - from the empirical to the individualized and personalized. The basis for such approaches is knowledge of molecular epidemiology, heterogeneity of expression of molecular subtypes, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of breast cancer. Breast cancer is a widely heterogeneous disease with 20 histological types, 8, molecular-genetic, 6 genomic subtypes, which are characterized by specific molecular and biochemical properties, different clinical course and different outcomes. Molecular genetic classification, created not on the basis of clinical, anatomical and morphological heterogeneity of tumor cells, and on the basis of their molecular-genetic heterogeneity is widely used in clinical practice. This allowed to separate the patients with breast cancer to molecular 4 subtypes - luminal A, luminal B, HER / 2 positive and triple-negative. The significant role of immunohistochemical tissue tumor markers, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER / 2-neu, Ki-67, p53 for selection the optimal treatment strategy is analyzing in this review. To increase the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment is possible, using a differentiated and personalized approach based on new molecular genetic classification of breast cancer (gene profiling) or to its analogue - expression classification of breast cancer, based on the principle of diversity of immunohistochemical tumor tissue. Personification of cancer treatment involves a therapy based on the study of individual characteristics of tissue is not only the primary tumor but also its metastases