Bioavailability and In-vivo Transdermal Delivery of Haloperidol

Background: Sustained blood level with effective therapeutic blood level inpsychotic patients in the range of usual therapeutic dose is favorable.Objectives: To investigate where this sustained and effective therapeutic blood level and improve in bioavailability could be achieved by usinghaloperidol/transdermal gel formulation.Materials and Methods: In-vivo transdermal delivery of haloperidol wasstudied in rabbits comparing transdermal gel formulation containing 1, 8-cineole as penetration enhancer and oral tablet. Concentrations of haloperidol in plasma were measured by reverse phase HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters generated from this study were evaluatedstatistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Result: The results showed that transdermal gel formulation increased rate and extent of absorption and improve bioavailability of haloperidol. The plasma concentrations of haloperidol were declined in biexponential fashion where the area under the curves and absorption rate Cmax/AUC elimination rate constant Kel, Tmax, mean residence time (MRT), mean absorption time (MAT), and total clearance (CLtotal) were significantly different p 0.05.The absolute bioavailability from the oral tablet, and the transdermal formulation was 38% and 57% respectively and highly significant P < 0.01.Conclusion: This study suggest that it is possible to achieve significant sustained therapeutic blood levels for longer time and also suggest that further human investigations of the transdermal dosage are warranted.Key words: Haloperidol/Transdermal gel formulation, Oral tablet, Rabbits, Bioavailability,Pharmacokinetic

Network Coding for Energy Efficiency in Bypass IP/WDM Networks

Network coding has been proven to be an effective approach towards achieving the network capacity and resources efficiency. However, most of the work achieved has been under the umbrella of wireless networks. In this paper we investigate the use of network coding to improve energy efficiency of the IP/WDM optical core considering unicast traffic flows by implementing coding at the optical layer of intermediate nodes. The mixed integer linear programming results show that network coding can improve the energy efficiency by up to 28% on the NSFNET compared to conventional non-bypass approach. The results show that the network coded bypass approach also outperforms the conventional bypass approach

Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks

Network neutrality is the principle of treating equally all Internet traffic regardless of its source, destination, content, application or other related distinguishing metrics. Under net neutrality, Internet service providers (ISPs) are compelled to charge all content providers (CPs) the same per Gbps rate despite the growing profit achieved by CPs. In this paper, we study the impact of the repeal of net neutrality on communication networks by developing a techno-economic Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to maximize the potential profit ISPs can achieve by offering their services to CPs. We consider an ISP that offers CPs different classes of service representing typical video content qualities. The MILP model maximizes the ISP profit by optimizing the prices of the different classes according to the users’ demand sensitivity to the change in price, referred to as Price Elasticity of Demand (PED). We analyze how PED impacts the profit in different CP delivery scenarios in cloud-fog architectures. The results show that the repeal of net neutrality can potentially increase ISPs profit by a factor of 8 with a pricing scheme that discriminates against data intensive content. Also, the repeal of net neutrality positively impacts the network energy efficiency by reducing the core network power consumption by 55% as a result of suppressing data intensive content compared to the net neutrality scenario

Cloud Virtual Network Embedding: Profit, Power and Acceptance

In this paper, we investigate maximizing the profit achieved by infrastructure providers (InPs) from embedding virtual network requests (VNRs) in IP/WDM core networks with clouds. We develop a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to study the impact of maximizing the profit on the power consumption and acceptance of VNRs. The results show that higher acceptance rates do not necessarily lead to higher profit due to the high cost associated with accepting some of the requests. The results also show that minimum power consumption can be achieved while maintaining the maximum profit

Energy Efficient Core Networks Using Network Coding

In this paper we investigate the use of network coding to improve energy efficiency of core networks. A mixed integer linear programming model is developed to optimize routing in network coding enabled non-bypass IP/WDM networks considering unicast traffic flows. We quantify the power savings obtained by implementing network coding. The results show that network coding can improve the energy efficiency of non-bypass IP/WDM networks by up to 33% compared to conventional architectures

Joint optimization of power, electricity cost and delay in IP over WDM networks

In this paper, we investigate the joint optimization of power, electricity cost and propagation delay in IP over WDM networks employing renewable energy. We develop a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to jointly minimize the three parameters and compare its results to the results of optimizing these parameters individually. The models results show that the joint optimization maintains the power consumption and electricity cost savings obtained by the non-renewable powerminimized and the electricity cost-minimized models while hardly affecting the propagation delay. Compared to the delay-minimized model, the joint optimization model achieves power consumption and electricity cost savings of 73% and 74%, respectively under the non-bypass approach considering a unicasting traffic profile. The power and cost savings under an anycasting traffic profile increases to 82%

Energy efficiency of Optical OFDM-based networks

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proposed as an enabling technique for elastic optical networks to support heterogeneous traffic demands. In this paper, we investigate the energy efficiency of rate and modulation adaptive optical OFDM-based networks. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to minimize the total power consumption of optical OFDM networks. We differentiate between two optimization schemes: power-minimized and spectrum-minimized optical OFDM-based networks. The results show that while similar power consumption savings of up to 31% are achieved by the two schemes compared to conventional IP over WDM networks, the spectrum-minimized optical OFDM is 51% more efficient in utilizing the spectrum compared to the power-minimized optical OFD

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the family Amaryllidaceae : an overview of research at RCPGD

Professor Johannes van Staden, Director of the Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development-University of KwaZulu Natal, conducts research in the field of plant physiology, biotechnology, and ethnomedicine. The research span over a wide range of plant families growing in the southern African region. The plant family Amaryllidaceae, known for its ornamental and pharmacological values, received much attention by his research group. This review covers research conducted by his group on the chemistry of some members of Amaryllidaceae and biological activities of their constituents.https://journals.sagepub.com/home/npxam2020Paraclinical Science