Ungkapan-Ungkapan Adat Bahasa Manggarai dalam Proses Perkawinan

Bahasa Manggarai (BM) memiliki ungkapan-ungkapan adat yang dalam pengungkapannya penuh rasa estetis. Keestetisannya itu terlihat pada permainan bunyi fonem dari setiap kata dalam ungkapan itu. Penelitian ini membahas tentang bentuk dan makna ungkapan-ungkapan adat bahasa Manggarai dalam proses perkawinan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak dan wawancara, dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik kualitatif. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa menunjukan bahwa bentuk ungkapan-ungkapan adat bahasa Manggarai dalam proses perkawinan terbentuk dalam dua kelompok kata dan kehadiran bentuk kelompok kata ungkapan yang kedua sebagai penegasan makna kiasan bentuk kata ungkapan yang pertama. Contoh: kala le pa’ang ,raci musi lawir. Ungkapan adat tersebut memiliki paralelisme bunyi yang menekan ke makna intern pembentukan ungkapan adat tersebut, contoh: pase sapu,selek kope dari ungkapan ini terlihat adanya paralelisme bunyi atau fonem: /a/-/a/,/e/-/e/. Penggunaan ungkapan dalam proses perkawinan adat etnik masyarakat Manggarai  berperan untuk  membungkus pesan dan nilai-nilai etnik kemanusian. Hal ini menghantar para pembaca kepada etnik dari bahasa. Oleh karena itu salah satu fungsi dari ungkapan adalah membantu proses pembentukan kesadaran etnik dalam diri manusia.

Causative Analysis on a Nearshore Bloom of Oscillatoria erythraea (trichodesmium) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics which preceded and caused a bloom of Osclllatorla erythraea commonly known as trlchodesmium In coastal waters of Mississippi and adjacent waters of the Gulf of Mexico are described. This Is the first report of the blue-green alga occurring in high density near the mainland and In a predominantly estuarine area of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental conditions Immediately prior to and during the bloom were characterized by low rainfall, calm sea, a homogeneous water column, low nitrate-nitrogen (0-5 NO3-N µg-atom/l), no measurable nitrite-nitrogen (0 NO2-N µg-atom/l), high water temperatures (29-30° C), high salinity (270/100), and a basic pH (8.3 to 8.4). Total phosphorus and orthophosphates were also low prior to the bloom (0.1 P µg-atom/l), but increased slightly during the later stages of the bloom (0.7 to 1.5 P µg-atom/l). The alga disappeared with the return of well-mixed sea water, lower salinity, lower temperature and acidic pH, and an increase in combined nitrogen content. Osclllatorla erythraea occurred in bundles of 10 to 25 trichomes or as a single filament, ranging from 8 to 15 µm In diameter and about 0.3 mm in length. The alga occurred in patches with the greatest concentration near the surface. Some entrapment of zooplankton in the dense algal mass was observed, but most of the zooplankton was diverse and unharmed. Harmful effects of the algal bloom on larger animals were not observed nor believed to have occurred

Geographical Definition of Mississippi Sound

Boundaries for Mississippi Sound are determined by application of definitions, established surveying practices and observations of the physical processes of the area. U.S. Coast and Gcodetic charts 1266 (1972 edition), 1267 (1972 edition) and 1268 (1974 edition) were used in ascertaining the boundaries. These boundaries provide a formal geographical definition for Mississippi Sound

Location of the Mississippi Sound Oyster Reefs as Related to Salinity of Bottom Waters During 1973-1975

The relationship of producing natural oyster reefs of Mississippi Sound to the salinity regime of bottom waters is investigated. Extreme and average conditions were extracted from data taken at 87 stations over a 21-month period from June 1973 through February 1975. With one exception, the producing reefs were subjected to salinity minimums of 2.0 to 4.0 parts per thousand (ppt), maximums of 18.0 to 22.0 ppt, with average conditions being between 10.0 and 16.0 ppt. Salinity-suitable areas in the Sound not now inhabited by oysters are described

Observations on Claviceps purpurea on Spartina alterniflora in the Coastal Marshes of Mississippi

Seventy-five years ago the first report of the occurrence of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. on Spartina alterniflora Loisel in Mississippi was made by Tracy and Earle (1895). Collections were taken at Ocean Springs, Mississippi on Christmas Day in 1892. These specimens are in the herbarium of the Department of Plant Pathology at Mississippi State University. Tracy and Earle presented no data on the infection rate nor does collection data indicate widespread infection. Parris (1959) published a revised host index of Mississippi plant diseases in which he listed C. purpurea based on the collections by \u27Tracy and Earle. No further reports have been made of the parasite in this area of the Gulf Coast. The fungus, C purpurea, commonly known as ergot, was observed, collected and studied on S. alterniflora (smooth cord grass, oyster grass) in the tidal marshes of Mississippi during the late summer and fall of 1968. Collections taken by the author have been deposited at Mississippi State University, the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service at Beltsville, Maryland, and the herbarium of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory

Observations on Claviceps purpurea on Spartina alterniflora in the Coastal Marshes of Mississippi

Seventy-five years ago the first report of the occurrence of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. on Spartina alterniflora Loisel in Mississippi was made by Tracy and Earle (1895). Collections were taken at Ocean Springs, Mississippi on Christmas Day in 1892. These specimens are in the herbarium of the Department of Plant Pathology at Mississippi State University. Tracy and Earle presented no data on the infection rate nor does collection data indicate widespread infection. Parris (1959) published a revised host index of Mississippi plant diseases in which he listed C. purpurea based on the collections by \u27Tracy and Earle. No further reports have been made of the parasite in this area of the Gulf Coast. The fungus, C purpurea, commonly known as ergot, was observed, collected and studied on S. alterniflora (smooth cord grass, oyster grass) in the tidal marshes of Mississippi during the late summer and fall of 1968. Collections taken by the author have been deposited at Mississippi State University, the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service at Beltsville, Maryland, and the herbarium of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory

Vegetative Morphology and Anatomy of the Salt Marsh Rush, Juncus roemerianus

The extensive rhizome development found in Juncus roemerianus makes this species unique among rushes and is a biological feature responsible, in part, for its domination of large tracts of salt marsh. Branching in certain mature plants is distinctly sympodial, while in most it is obscured by precocious development of the continuation bud and appears to be monopodial. Each vegetative unit is composed of a scaly rhizome which grows to varying lengths and then abruptly turns up at the end to become an erect shoot. A continuation rhizome consistently arises from an axillary bud in a ventral scale leaf. Transitional leaves (large scale leaves) accompany development of the erect shoot. Rhizome scales, transitional and foliage leaves are distichously arranged and in the same vertical plane. The culm forms through an elongation of an internode of an erect shoot. Other rhizomes may also arise from buds in the axils of the transitional and foliage leaves. From one to seven terete leaves with a bifacial sheath are produced from the apical meristem of the erect stem. Fibrous roots occur laterally on erect shoots. Non-fibrous roots occur on the ventral surface to the rhizomes. The internal rhizome and root anatomy resembles that reported for most other species of Juncus while the leaf anatomy is very similar to that of Juncus maritimus and Juncus acutus

Autecology of the Black Needlerush Juncus roemerianus

Juncus roemerianus generally occupies the upper half of the intertidal plane and covers about 92% or 25,000 hectares of marsh in Mississippi. The vegetative canopy is best described as a series of disjunct and intergrading populations. Considerable phenotypic variation and differences in standing crop exist between populations. J. roemerianus has very wide environmental tolerances in comparison to all other tidal marsh angiosperms. Soil types inhabited by the rush range from very sandy to highly organic muds and peats, which may vary in the concentration of nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Neither soil type, nutrient concentration, water content, pH nor elevation can be used to distinguish the habitat of J. roemerianus, because similar conditions are found in areas occupied by pure or almost pure monotypic stands of other plant species. Soil water salinity is cyclic in all populations of J. roemerianus examined and salinity appears to be the major edaphic factor affecting growth and distribution of the rush. The greatest concentration and fluctuation of salt content occurs in the near-surface soil layer and the lowest concentration of salt and most stable soil water regime occurs at increasingly lower depths. Experimental evidence indicates that the rush grows best in fresh water, without competition, and cannot tolerate continuous salinities greater than 30 ppt. Soil organisms which detrimentally affect the rhizomes are major factors limiting distribution of the rush into freshwater areas. Salt concentrations in the soil solution of 35-360 ppt occurs frequently in some near-surface marsh soil layers. J. roemerianus growing on salt flats apparently survives near-surface hypersaline soil water (90-360 ppt) because of deeply penetrating, specialized roots. About five billion seeds of J. roemerianus are produced annually in Mississippi tidal marshes, but few rush seedlings are found. Germination requires light, and seedling establishment is the vulnerable stage in the life cycle of the species. Vigorous mature stands are maintained by rhizome growth and the frequent removal of dead-standing leaves by physical factors such as storms, heavy rains, tides, and currents

Location of the Mississippi Sound Oyster Reefs as Related to Salinity of Bottom Waters During 1973-1975

The relationship of producing natural oyster reefs of Mississippi Sound to the salinity regime of bottom waters is investigated. Extreme and average conditions were extracted from data taken at 87 stations over a 21-month period from June 1973 through February 1975. With one exception, the producing reefs were subjected to salinity minimums of 2.0 to 4.0 parts per thousand (ppt), maximums of 18.0 to 22.0 ppt, with average conditions being between 10.0 and 16.0 ppt. Salinity-suitable areas in the Sound not now inhabited by oysters are described

Classification of Mississippi Sound as to Estuary Hydrological Type

Mississippi Sound is classified as to estuary hydrological type by the method of Pritchard (1955). Differences in salinity between surface and near-bottom water were calculated from 2,401 pairs of observations made at 90 stations from 4 April 1973 to 12 April 1977. Frequency distribution tables, constructed by tallying the vertical salinity differences into three classes corresponding to three of Pritchard\u27s estuary types (A, stratified; B, partially mixed; D, well mixed) were used to assess salinity structure of the water column. The greatest variation as to type occurred from January through June. From July through December, the water column becomes predominately uniform. Mississippi Sound is shown to be primarily well mixed with approximately one-third of the observations indicating partially mixed and less than 2% being stratified. The channels are characteristically stratified or partially mixed. The results of this study were in good agreement with the previous classification by another method by the author which confirms that while dominately well mixed, Mississippi Sound also attains the characteristics of a partially mixed estuary and, highly localized, characteristics of a stratified estuary