Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

AbstractCocrystals are very interesting and useful product. In this paper the main information about cocrystals is presented. It is shown that cocrystals are solid substances, which consist of few components mixed together. There are a lot of ways of cocrystals production and application. It is shown that cocrystals can be applied in medicine and pharmaceutical industry for improving different properties such as dissolution rate, melting point, solubility, chemical stability etc. Another way of cocrystals application is drug pharmacological action modification

Безделица тактического назначения

Significant size of the country, current urbanization processes and cities’ activity gravitation place great importance on all the professions connected with space planning and on the subject itself. But the ongoing situation formed during the last 20 years testifies of the state authorities’ indifference to the questions of tactic and strategic space development planning. The article highlights economical and political reasons which drove the once desired and elite profession to the status of survival.Значительная площадь нашей страны, процессы урбанизации и постепенного стягивания к городам какой-либо деятельности придает особую важность профессиям, связанным с территориальным планированием и самому предмету градостроительства. Однако сложившаяся за последние 20 лет в этой отрасли ситуация свидетельствует о безразличии властей к вопросам тактического и стратегического планирования развития территории. В статье освещаются экономические и политические причины, приведшие некогда одну из самых востребованных и элитарных профессий к состоянию выживания

Electrical Impedance Mammography: Screening and Basic Principles

Nowadays, screening uses the method of X-ray mammography for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, as a screening method, X-ray mammography has its limitations, such as age, periodicity of screening, ‘dense’ mammary gland and dynamic survey (repeated radiation). In order to overpass these limitations, more advanced alternative methods of breast examination should be used, which would be as effective as the ‘golden standard.’ Characteristics of electroimpedance diagnostics are given. The aim of screening is to detect breast cancer including early breast cancer (tumor size below 1 cm) and to form a survey of high-risk group. In order to reach these aims, the following actions need to be undertaken: search for areas with anomalous conductivity, detection of distorted mammographic scheme and evaluation of age-related electrical conductivity. The application of a scale for age-related breast conductivity with defined percentile limits allows to organize a survey group. Electrical properties of a cancerous tumor differ significantly from those of the surrounding tissues. Statistics of anomalous conductivity in cases of breast cancer is given. The disease development connected with the destruction of epithelial basement membrane is linked with various phenomena occurring in the tumor and the surrounding tissues. Statistics of disrupted mammographic scheme in cases of cancer is given

Electrochemical Determination of L-Glutamate on a Carbon-Containing Electrode Modified with Gold by Voltammetry

In this paper the L-glutamate electrochemical behavior on a carbon-containing electrode modified with gold in simulated solutions by cyclic voltammetry have been studied. The analytical signal of glutamate reduction at the potential of -0.8 V in pH 9.19 has been found. It has been determined that the cathodic reduction of glutamate is irreversible and mainly controlled by diffusion in the reduction electrode process of glutamate. The conditions for glutamate determination in simulated solutions by voltammetry have been found. The plots of current versus concentration present a linear behavior from 3.2·10{-4} to 2.5·10{-3} M. The detection limit is 4.4 10{-5} M. The glutamate determination in simulated solutions has resulted in acceptable deviation from the stated concentration where relative errors are -2.7 to +2.6%

Voltammetric Sensor for Total Cholesterol Determination

We report on a voltammetric sensor for the detection of total cholesterol. The sensor was fabricated by co-immobilization of two enzymes: cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on porous graphite. The electrochemical behavior of the sensor was studied with the use of linear sweep voltammetry. It has been shown that the sensor has high stability and high sensitivity (16 muA mM{-1} cm{-2}). The biosensor exhibited a wide linear range up to 300 mol/dm3 in a condition close to physiological (pH=6.86). Besides, the interferences of some key analytes containing in the blood were studied. As a matter of fact, making a fabricated sensor is rather promising for using in clinical practice

Determination of Total Antioxidant Content in Various Drinks by Amperometry

In the present work the total content of phenolic antioxidants in juice of some fruit and vegetables, in wines, water extracts of tea and herb were measured by amperometry. Efficiency of the method allowed determining the total antioxidant content in their binary and multimixes, including processes of frosting-defrosting and juice diluting as well. The deviation of experimentally received values of the total antioxidant content in some drink mixes from the values calculated proceeding from the additivity principle of the antioxidant content in separate drinks has been revealed

Graphene derivatives-based electrodes for the electrochemical determination of carbamate pesticides in food products: A review

Graphene (GR) composites have great potential for the determination of carbamates pesticides (CPs) by electrochemical methods. Since the beginning of the 20th century, GR has shown remarkable promise as electrode material for various sensors. The contamination of food products with harmful CPs is a major problem as they do not always damage human health immediately, but can be harmful after prolonged exposure. A range of advantages can be gained from their electrochemical determination, such as high sensitivity, reasonably selectivity, rapid detection, low limit of detection, and easy electrode fabrication. Furthermore, these electrochemical techniques are robust, reproducible, user-friendly, and conform to both “green” and “white” analytical chemistry. This review is focused on results published in the last ten years in the field of electrochemical determination of CPs in food products using GR and its derivatives

Investigation of Coenzyme Q[10] by Voltammetry

A simple, accurate and rapid voltammetric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of coenzyme Q[10]. Studies with direct current voltammetry were carried out using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.86). A well-defined oxidation peak of CoQ[10] was obtained at -0.600 V vs Ag/AgCl. The magnitude of the oxidation peak current has been found to be related to the concentration of the coenzyme over the range of (2.0x10{-5} to 2.0x10{-4} M) (r=0,991). Antioxidant activity of CoQ[10] was investigated

The Study of Redox Electrode Processes of Sulfur-Containing Compounds by Voltammetry

In this work the general case of quasi-reversible redox electrode processes of thiol compounds proceeding on a mercury-film electrode via a CE (chemical-electrochemical) mechanism has been revealed and investigated by voltammetry. The quantitative criteria for correlation between theory and experiment corresponding to a CE mechanism and new approach for estimating the kinetic parameters of the preceding chemical reaction have been suggested

Fluorescence Analysis of E. coli Bacteria in Water

The fluorescence analysis of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria was done. It has been established that a luminescent signal from the one of metabolites (reduction form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH) can be adopted as a vitality indicator of the bacteria. This signal was chosen as an analytical signal. It was determined that the nature of this signal is fluorescence. In order to eliminate influence of the light scattering on this fluorescence signal optimal conditions were chosen