Human Rights Organisations and the Egyptian Revolution

In much of the democratisation and development literature, human rights organisations were championed as whistle?blowers and advocates of justice. This article argues that human rights organisations were just as disconnected from the momentum of the force, building up prior to and at the wake of the revolution as other civil and political organisations and forces. An inhibitive political environment prohibiting political activism and an elitist internal culture meant that human rights organisations were far removed from the street. Yet they played an intermediary role in engaging with journalists, lawyers and activists as well as an indirect role in raising awareness of human rights violations, which facilitated the coalescing of a platform around the death of Khaled Said. The revolution however, has forced the human rights organisations to rethink their strategies of engagement and relationship with the masses. The extent to which this is forcing a paradigm shift remains to be seen

Effectiveness of Warm Water Footbath on Temperature and Fatigue among Children with Fever

Context: A fever can have various causes. Fever can be the only sign of a sick child. It may be combined with several problems.Aim: Evaluate warm water footbath effectiveness on the temperature and fatigue level among children with fever.Methods: Quasi-experimental pre/post, study, and control groups design was used. A non-probability purposive sample was composed of 100 children, 50 in each study, and control groups, their ages ranged from 6-to 12 years with fever. The study was conducted in the Medical and Surgical wards, Emergency Unit (ER), Oncology and Hematology Units, and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Children's Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University. Four tools were used. A Structured Interviewing Questionnaire. It is composed of two parts; the first part was concerned with the socio-demographic characteristics of children. The second part was concerned with the child's medical history. The second tool was the Child's Vital Signs Chart (pre & post). It was used to assess the child's vital signs, especially temperature. The third tool was Fatigue Scale Child (FS-C), and the fourth tool was Fatigue Scale Staff (FS-S) (pre & post) were used to assess the fatigue level among children pre- and post-applying warm water footbath from child perceptions and researcher's evaluation as a staff. The intervention was a warm water footbath applied for 20-30 minutes. Results: The mean score level of children's age was 10±1.3 & 10±1.5 years for both the study and control groups, respectively. Nearly two-thirds of them (68% &62%) were boys in the study and control groups, respectively. There were significant differences in the temperature and fatigue score among children with a fever between the study and control groups after the application of warm water footbath therapy. Also, statistically significant differences between the children's mean scores of temperature and fatigue pre- and post-footbath in the study group children. Conclusion: Warm water footbath is effective in reducing the temperature and fatigue level among children with fever. Recommendations: Warm water footbath should be involved in fever management protocol for children as a complementary therapy, and further studies with a large sample and another age group of children in another setting are also recommended

Characterization of highly-oriented ferroelectric Pb_xBa_(1-x)TiO_3

Pb_xBa_(1-x)TiO_3 (0.2 ≾ x ≾ 1) thin films were deposited on single-crystal MgO as well as amorphous Si_3N_4/Si substrates using biaxially textured MgO buffer templates, grown by ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD). The ferroelectric films were stoichiometric and highly oriented, with only (001) and (100) orientations evident in x-ray diffraction (XRD) scans. Films on biaxially textured templates had smaller grains (60 nm average) than those deposited on single-crystal MgO (300 nm average). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has been used to study the microtexture on both types of substrates and the results were consistent with x-ray pole figures and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs that indicated the presence of 90° domain boundaries, twins, in films deposited on single-crystal MgO substrates. In contrast, films on biaxially textured substrates consisted of small single-domain grains that were either c or a oriented. The surface-sensitive EBSD technique was used to measure the tetragonal tilt angle as well as in-plane and out-of-plane texture. High-temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD) of films with 90° domain walls indicated large changes, as much as 60%, in the c and a domain fractions with temperature, while such changes were not observed for Pb_xBa_(1-x)TiO_3 (PBT) films on biaxially textured MgO/Si_3N_4/Si substrates, which lacked 90° domain boundaries

Graded ferroelectric capacitors with robust temperature characteristics

Ferroelectric thin films offer the possibility of engineering the dielectric response for tunable components in frequency-agile rf and microwave devices. However, this approach often leads to an undesired temperature sensitivity. Compositionally graded ferroelectric films have been explored as a means of redressing this sensitivity, but experimental observations vary depending on geometry and other details. In this paper, we present a continuum model to calculate the capacitive response of graded ferroelectric films with realistic electrode geometries by accurately accounting for the polarization distribution and long-range electrostatic interactions. We show that graded c-axis poled BaxSr_(1−xT)iO_3 BST parallel plate capacitors are ineffective while graded a-axis poled BST coplanar capacitors with interdigitated electrodes are extremely effective in obtaining high and temperature-stable dielectric properties

E-training Environment for Developing Capstone Teaching Skills for STEM Teachers in Egypt

The research investigated the effectiveness of using an E-training environment in developing Capstone teaching skills among STEM teachers. To achieve the aim of the research, the researchers applied the one groups' quasi-experimental design and utilized three instruments as follows;1) list of the Capstone teaching skills; 2) Pre-Post achievement test developed by the researcher and implemented before and after applying the training content; 3) The observation card to observe acquiring the Capstone teaching skills  determined by the researcher and they are two main fields of the needed skills, (EDP Field, and Process management field) comprising eight (8) main skills that are subdivided into sixty four (64) subskills required for the STEM teachers, after applying the training content through the E-training environment. The participants were chosen randomly (N=27) at Obour STEM School Cairo Governorate, Egypt. the researchers selected the quasi-experimental design in terms of the research population, the sample of the research, is one experimental group, and the methodology of the research. The researchers relied on pre-and post-testing procedures applied on the research group, the first test has been posted to the trainees after collecting their responses on the training needs survey or a questionnaire that included 68 questions to identify their needs, the pre-test comprises 70 questions about the 64 sub-skill, then after that the training needs have been determined based on the pre-test results, through a month the training has been held Online on the Microsoft Teams as a main platform, by the end of the training sessions, the trainees have been asked to solve the post-test which is reapplied once again after another month .Therefore, the current research attempted to investigate the effectiveness of using the E-Training environment based on the SOLE technique as (the independent variable) in developing the Capstone teaching  skills as (the dependent variable) among STEM teachers. Quantitative results showed that There is statistically significant difference at the level of (a<=0.05) between the pre-test and post- achievement test of the experimental group on developing Capstone teaching achievement of STEM teachers in favor of the post -test. And also, there is statistically significant difference at the level of (a<=0.05) between the pre-test and post- observation card of the experimental group on developing Capstone teaching skills of STEM teachers in favor of the post -test. So, the researchers recommended employing the E-Training environment based on the SOLE technique in developing the Capstone teaching skills among STEM teachers in Egypt

Static and Dynamic Studies of Gasoline in View of its Octane Number and its Toxic Effect

Gasoline come primarily from petroleum cuts, it is the preferred liquid fuel in our lives. Two gasoline samples of octane numbers 91 and 95 from Saudi Arabia petrol stations were studied. This study was achieved at three different temperatures 20oC, 30oC and 50oC representing the change in temperatures of the different seasons of the year. Both the evaporated gases of light aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) of gasoline samples inside the tank were subjected to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively via capillary gas chromatography. The detailed hydrocarbon composition and the octane number of the studied gasoline samples were determined using detailed hydrocarbon analyzer. The idea of research is indicating the impact of light aromatic compounds in gasoline on the toxic effect of human and environment on the one hand, and on octane number of gasoline on the other hand. Although the value of octane number will be reduced but this will have a positive impact on the environment as a way to produce clean fuel

Comparative performance of modular with cascaded H-bridge three level inverters

The conventional two-level inverter becomes no longer has the ability to cope with the high-power requirement, so this paper discusses two very common topologies of multilevel inverter like modular multi-level converter (MMC) and cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multi-level inverter for induction motor drive applications. This work attempts to investigate the comparison between MMC and CHB. The comparison is done in aspects of the configuration, concept of operation, advantages and disadvantages, the comparison is also consider output voltage (line to line) waveform, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output line voltage waveform and the current drawn by both inverters. The performance of the inverters under carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) technique and mainly in-phase disposition (IPD), level shifted pulse width modulation is viewed. The paper discusses the comparison between the two multilevel inverters (MLIs) with motor drive applications especially induction motor. The operation of the motor is studied under certain value of load torque. The simulation results for the induction motor with the two inverters (modular multi-level and Cascaded H-bride) for three numbers of levels using MATLAB/Simulink are provided). The obtained results are encouraging and promising especially in the improvement of the THD% results

Gastrodermis ultrastructure of the different life stages of the polyopisthocotylean monogenean gill parasite Discocotyle sagittata

The polyopisthocotylean Discocotyle sagittata is a blood-feeding monogenean that infects the gill lamellae of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, Salmo trutta. The ultrastructure of their alimentary tract, at different stages of the life cycle, was previously unknown. Here, we show that the gastrodermis of the oncomiracidium, subadult, and adult D. sagittata follows the same structural organization as that of other blood-feeding polyopisthocotyleans, being composed of digestive cells alternating with a connecting syncytium. Digestive cells of the oncomiracidium are found in three developmental forms: undifferentiated, developing differentiated, and differentiated (presumably functioning) cells whereas those of adult and subadult are present in a single functioning state with variable size and content. The apical cytoplasm of adult digestive cells forms conical outgrowths, a feature which is absent in the oncomiracidium. The connecting syncytium of the oncomiracidium has no evidence of metabolic activity, while that of adult and subadult is metabolically active. The lamellae of the connecting syncytium of adults and subadults are more numerous and larger, and their terminal portions are expanded, compared with those of the oncomiracidium. Parallel, tubular, membranous structures are characteristic of the apical cytoplasm of the connecting syncytium of the oncomiracidium. Luminal lamella in the oncomiracidium, subadult, and adult form balloon-like structures enclosing some luminal contents, but those of the oncomiracidium are larger, bounded by nucleated cytoplasmic layer, and enclose more luminal contents. The possible functions of these structures and mechanism of digestion in both oncomiracidium and adult are discussed