Plant defense activation and down-regulation root rot and wilt in chickpea diseases by some abiotic substances

Rhizoctonia solani in addition to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris have been recorded the most closely related fungi to root rotted as well as wilted chickpea plants assembled from various locations in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. In the pathogenicity tests, all isolates were capable of infecting chickpea plants cv. Giza 2 and caused signs of root rot in addition to wilt diseases to variable degrees. The isolate of Rhizoctonia solani number 4 with accession No. (OR074128) and F. oxysporum isolate number 3 with accession No. (OR074126 ) were the more virulent ones. In the present study, abiotic substances viz hydroquinone, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, and chitosan were evaluated compared with Topsin M-70® fungicide for controlling these diseases under in vitro in addition to in vivo conditions. The application of abiotic substances demonstrated fungicidal action was inhibited the mycelia outgrowth of the two examined fungi by varying degrees. Chitosan was the greatest efficacy accompanied by hydroquinone and salicylic acid. In the pots and field experiments, all treatments significantly decreased root rot in addition to wilt diseases incidence consequently raised the number of survival plants. The highest protection from the infection of both the tested pathogenic fungi occurred under chitosan treatment followed by hydroquinone and salicylic acid. showed the best increase over the control, hydroquinone came next followed by salicylic acid. In physiological aspects, the activities of defense-related enzymes, exactly (peroxidase “PO”, polyphenol oxidase “PPO”, total phenol content “TPC”) and photosynthetic pigments enhanced in all abiotic substances applications as contrasted with untreated inoculated plants in addition to untreated uninoculated plants

PROENOFOS EFFECTS ON RABBIT PERFORMANCE AND THEIR AMELIORATION BY USING NATURAL CLAY MINERALS

[EN] Eighty New Zealand White male rabbits of 35 days of age, were used in the present study. The rabbits were randomly allotted to 8 groups with 10 animals in each. Four groups were fed diets contaminated with O, 0.658, 1.315, 2.630 mg proenofos/kg diet. The other four groups fed the same diets but supplemented with 5% natural clay (80% betonite). Rabbits fed with diet contaminated with proenofos (an organophosphorus insecticide) decreased feed intake, final live body weight (-22% for the highest leve!), daily gain, heamoglobin, serum total protein, albumin, SGPT and cholinesterase while mortality rate, SGOT, urea-N and creatinine increased. Feed conversion impaired with increasing pesticide level in rabbit diets. Proenofos residues in liver (3 to 7 ppm), kidney and muscle (0.4 to 0.7 ppm) significantly (P<0.001) increased with increasing pesticide level in rabbit diets. Proenofos residue in liver and kidney tissues and muscle decreased with 54.8, 50.3 and 40.0%, respectively, with clay supplementation in rabbit diets. Final live body weight, daily gain, serum albumin, and cholinesterase significantly increased by·the clay supplementation in pesticide contaminated diets, while blood urea-N significantly decreased. Heamoglobin, serum total protein, globulin, creatinine, transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) and carcass and noncarcass components were insignificantly affected by the interaction between proenofos contamination and clay addition. Supplemented natural clay in rabbit diets contaminated with proenofos decreased mortality rate (3.3% vs 16.7%; P=0.097) Feed conversion was improved with clay supplementation in contaminated rabbit diets[FR] Quatre vingt males néo-zélandais blancs, agés de 35 jours, ont été utilisés pour cette étude. Les lapins ont été répartis au hasard en 8 groupes de 10 animaux chacun. Quatre groupes ont rec;;u un aliment auquel a été ajouté O - 0,658 - 1,315 ou 2,630 mg /kg de proenofos, un insecticide organophosphoré. Les quatre autres groupes ont rec;;u les mémes aliments additionnés de 5% d'argile naturelle (80% de bentonite). Les lapins nourris avec les aliments contaminés par le proenofos ont eu une nette réduction de la consommation, du poids vif final (-22% pour le taux de proenofos le plus élevé), de la vitesse de croissance, des taux d'hémoglobine et de protéines sériques, d'albumine, de transaminases (SGPT), et de cholinestérase ; par centre le taux de mortalité, SGOT, l'urée et la créatinine sanguines ont augmenté. L'efficacité alimentaire a diminué avec l'accroissement du taux d'incorporation de proenofos. Les résidus de proenofos dans le foie (3 a 7 ppm), les reins et les muscles (0,4 a 0,7 ppm) a augmenté significativement (P<0,001) avec l'accroissement du taux de proenofos dans l'aliment. L'addition d'argile a diminué les résidus de proenofos dans le foie, les reins et les muscles de 54,8- 50,3 et 40,0 %, respectivement. L'addition d'argile naturelle dans les aliments contaminés par le proenofos a significativement augmenté le poids vif final, le gain de poids quotidien, les taux d'albumine et de cholinestérase tandis que !'albumine sérique a diminué significativement. Les taux d'hémoglobine, de protéines sériques totales, de globuline, de créatinine, de transaminases (SGOT et SGPT), le poids de la carcasse et des abats n'ont pas été significativement modifiés par l'addition d'argile. L'addition d'argile aux aliments contaminés par le proenofos a di minué le taux de mortalité (3.3% vs 16. 7%; P=0.097) et amélioré l'efficacité alimentaireAyyat, M.; Abd El-Monem, U.; El-Gendy, H.; El-Fateh Hammad, M. (2000). PROENOFOS EFFECTS ON RABBIT PERFORMANCE AND THEIR AMELIORATION BY USING NATURAL CLAY MINERALS. World Rabbit Science. doi:10.4995/wrs.2000.436SWORD08

Toxicity of naturally occurring Bio-fly and chitosan compounds to control the Mediterranean fruit fly <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> (Wiedemann)

<div><p>The efficacy of five compounds of a biopolymer chitosan and Bio-fly (<i>Beauveria bassiana</i> fungus) as biopesticide was evaluated on <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> under laboratory conditions. The inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) as biochemical indicators were also determined <i>in vivo</i>. The results indicated that <i>B. bassiana</i> based Bio-fly exhibited significant toxicity against <i>C. capitata</i> (LC₅₀ = 3008 and 3126 mg/L after 48 h in females and males, respectively) followed by the derivatives of chitosan, <i>N-</i>(4-propylbenzyl)chitosan and <i>N-</i>(2-nitrobenzyl)chitosan. Bio-fly displayed remarkable inhibition of AChE activity (IC₅₀ = 2220 mg/L) while <i>N-</i>(<i>2-</i>chloro,<i>6-</i>flourobenzyl)chitosan, <i>N-</i>(<i>4</i>-propylbenzyl)chitosan and <i>N-</i>(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl) chitosan had no significant difference in inhibitory action. In adult males, <i>N-</i>(<i>2-</i>nitrobenzyl)chitosan exhibited the highest inhibitory action (IC₅₀ = 6569 mg/L). In addition, the toxic effects of the tested compounds on the activity of ATPase indicated that highly significant inhibition was found with <i>N-</i>(4-propylbenzyl)chitosan with an IC₅₀ of 8194 and 8035 mg/L, in females and males, respectively.</p></div