SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF TOMATO MOSAIC TOBAMOVIRUS COAT PROTEIN

Plant viruses cause serious disease of crop plants reducing both quality and quantity of final produce. Serological tests are used all over the world in laboratory and field based detection of plant viruses and they are of great indispensable importance in agricultural production; virus certification programs; agricultural quarantine and production of virus-free crops grown for processing or fresh market. Cross reaction between viruses and their strains antisera limits serological differentiation of viruses and their strains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study aims to characterize the antigenic property of Tomato mosaic virus ToMV coat protein by using some bioinformatic tools to analyze its gene. Therefore, new methods in antibody production could be used as equivalent to Mabs in its high specificity. ToMV isolate was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope and differential hosts and propagated on N. tabacum cv. Samson. Systemic infection was developed on N. tabacum cv. Samson and local infection on Datora metel; D. stramonium; N. glutinosa; Chenopodium amaranticolor; C. quinoa. ToMV was purified and used as immunizing agent for antiserum production. TEM showed rod shaped particles with 300 x 18 nm dimensions. The titer of produced antiserum was 1:1024 evaluated by microprecipitin test and indirect-ELISA. Coat protein gene was amplified by RT-PCR with expected size of (Approx. 500 bp). The PCR product was sequenced then the generated nucleotide sequence  was translated into 160 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Five B-cell epitopes, of 14 amino acid residues each, were predicted. Identifying Bcell epitopes play an important role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic tests, and antibody production. Therefore, computational tools for reliably predicting B-cell epitopes are studied

EVALUATION OF RECOMBINANT AVIAN INFLUENZA COMPARED TO INACTIVATED VACCINES TO INDUCE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CHICKEN

The present Avian Influenza epidemic in Egypt is consider one of the major problems facing the poultry field and caused by circulation of genetically and antigenetically diverse influenza H5N1 viruses. This problem is controlled by applying vaccination. The objective was to determine the AI H5 recombinant vaccines efficacy (rHVT-H5, rFP-AI-H5 (Scotland and Ireland), k rND-AI and k rBuc-AI+ND) against classical and variant field HPAI H5N1 viruses in comparison to the traditionally inactivated whole AI virus vaccines as K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 and k combined AI+ND vaccines. A single dose of the different types of vaccines either recombinant or inactivated whole virus vaccines was administered at different ages of chicken. Eight chicken groups were vaccinated with 8 vaccines and challenged after 4 weeks post vaccination to measure the protection %. Fecal and tracheal swabs were taken after 2 day post challenge to detect viral shedding. It was found that, live rFP-AI-H5 of both Scotland and Ireland strains induced poor clinical protection with high level of virus shedding. While, inactivated rND-AI, live rHVT-H5 and inactivated rBuc-AI+ND vaccines induced high protection rates ranged from 86.7% to 93.3% against both classical and variant HPAI viruses with a decrease or suppression of viruses shedding. In a parallel way, the inactivated whole virus AI vaccines either K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 or k AI+ND induced a protection rates ranged from 85.7% to 100% with a high decrease in virus shedding levels. The data clearly indicate that inactivated whole AI virus and inactivated recombinant vaccines confers high levels of clinical protection with suppression in viral shedding compared to that of live recombinant vaccines except rHVT-H5 vaccine which induce a great level of protection and decrease in viral shedding in SPF chicken

THE IMPACT OF THE PROBIOTIC BACTERIA ON THE CONTAMINATED MICROBIAL OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE IVF OUTCOME

The microbial contamination of the female genital tract has effect on the ivf outcome and negatively effect on fertility, fertilization and implantation rate. Lactobacillus sp. is the dominant organism of the vaginal flora that have an important role in the inhibition of pathogen. 48 patients were selected for this study aged between 20-40 years, During embryo transfer, 3 samples were collected from each patient from vagina, end cervical canal and the tip of the catheter. The samples were assayed microbiology. The microbial culture contained natural flora and pathogen organism .The isolated pathogens were identified as Klebsilla pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. famata, C. parapsilosis, C. catenulate according to Bergeyˊs manual and confirmed by VITEK System. Candida sp found to be the most frequent infemale genital tract. The probiotic (Lactobacillus. acidophilus) and its metabolites (bacteriocin) were inhibited growth of isolated pathogenic microbial  in vitro.The result showed that L. acidophilus and their metabolite bacteriocin have antagonistic activity against pathogenic microbes.                 Recommendation: Oral or transvaginal administration of Lactobacillus or bacteriocin antiseptics; disinfected; maintain a health vagina and prevent the infection of the reproductive tract

EVALUATING SYMBIOTIC EFFICIENCY OF Mesorhizobium REDUCING SYMPTOMS OF CHICKPEA YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) belongs to legumes reducing atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically through Rhizobia Spp. into proteins in a process leaves no carbon footprint. However, chickpea is highly susceptible to viral diseases, which limits productivity. Therefore, the current study is conducted, in two seasons (2015/2016, 2016/2017) to evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of Mesorhizobia in reducing the damage occurs in chickpea if was infected by chickpea yellow mosaic virus (CpYMV). For this aim, One viral (CpYMV) and two Mesorhizobial isolates (MS3All, MS8All) are isolated from open-fields of chickpea plants. Three chickpea experimental lines (F.07-268, F.07-258 and F.0744) and one Egyptian cultivar (Giza195) are dually infected by CpYMV and either of MS3All and MS8All. Then, infected plants are grown in pots in open-air at the cultivation area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University (Shoubra). The results indicated that the viral infection led to a reduction in the dry weight of root (DWR) and shoot (DWS), the ratio of root-to-shoot (RSR) dry weight, the nodule counts (NN), the photosynthetic pigments and the nitrogen content (N2). Interestingly, the dry weight of nodules (DWN) is significantly increased in dually infected plants. Uniinoculated Chickpea using either of the two isolates of Mesorhizobia showed significant increase in all phenotypic parameters when virus infection is included; except for DWN that decreased com pared to control viral-infected plants but no mesorhizobia. The current study suggests that bacterial inoculation using Mesorhizobia is significantly reduced damaging effects of the virus on chickpea. Moreover, the MS3All isolate is suggested the more effective than MS8All and the experimental chickpea lines F.07-258 and F.07-44 had the highest significant levels of N2 for shoot than F.07-268 and Giza195 lines

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND DISINFECTION OF ANOSAN SOLUTION WITH INHERENT APPLICABILITY 1- INACTIVATION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

The pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms affect human health directly or indirectly and become increasingly important in most countries. Novel antimicrobial agents and disinfectants have become necessary due to the rise of antibiotic resistance phenomena. The current study investigate the inhibitory infect of ANOSAN on pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. Chemical analysis was performed for ANOSAN. The antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN was carried out using agar well diffusion assay and mean growth inhibition percentage and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The antibiofilm activity was conducted using Biofilm formation assay and the impact of the disinfectant on the preformed biofilm was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of ANOSAN comprised very low amount of Sodium (0.034%), Chloride (0.01%), Hypochlorite (0.014%) and Organic matter (0.0062%). ANOSAN low concentration showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The MIC (0.781 mg/ml) was observed for Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of ANOSAN have successfully inhibited biofilm formation of the above mentioned bacterial patho gens. The ANOSAN appeared to be effective as bactericidal against Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus. The time kill assay was observed between (0-6h) and between (0-3h) of exposure for both pathogens, respectively, and the viable bacterial counts remained undetectable after the previous time in a confirmatory experiment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN against Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. These data directly illustrate the destructive effects of the ANOSAN on the pathogenic bacteria. This work clarified that ANOSAN water had bactericidal and fungicidal activity along with inhibiting the ability of pathogenic bacteria to form biofilms, thus providing a good alternative to the use of traditional antimicrobials in food industry, pharmaceutical and medical applications

Advanced material against human (Including Covid‐19) and plant viruses: nanoparticles as a feasible strategy

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus outbreak revealed that these nano‐pathogens have the ability to rapidly change lives. Undoubtedly, SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as other viruses can cause important global impacts, affecting public health, as well as, socioeconomic development. But viruses are not only a public health concern, they are also a problem in agriculture. The current treatments are often ineffective, are prone to develop resistance, or cause considerable adverse side effects. The use of nanotechnology has played an important role to combat viral diseases. In this review three main aspects are in focus: first, the potential use of nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery. Second, its use for treatments of some human viral diseases, and third, its application as antivirals in plants. With these three themes, the aim is to give to readers an overview of the progress in this promising area of biotechnology during the 2017–2020 period, and to provide a glance at how tangible is the effectiveness of nanotechnology against viruses. Future prospects are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can be a contribution to general knowledge for both specialized and non‐specialized readers, allowing a better knowledge of this interesting topic.REDES‐ANID. Grant Number: 180003 Universidad de La Frontera. Grant Number: DI20‐1003 FAPESP. Grant Numbers: 2018/08194‐2, 2018/02832‐7 CNPq. Grant Numbers: 404815/2018‐9, 313117/2019‐5 CONICYT/FAPESP. Grant Number: 2018/08194‐2 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Grant Numbers: 001, ANID/FONDAP/15130015 FCT. Grant Number: PTDC/CTM‐TEX/28295/2017 FEDER POCI Portugal 2020 program COMPETE. Grant Number: UID/CTM/00264/2019 FCT/MCTE

Preparación y propiedades de tensión superficial de derivados del ácido a-aciloxisuccínico a partir de derivados del ácido málico y ácidos grasos del aceite de gérmen de arroz

Surface active compounds were prepared from malic acid by esterification with acyl chloride (II)a-d, of [palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and mixed fatty acids of rice bran oil (RBO) (II)e], in the presence of pyridine as catalyst, forming (III)a-e ,  which are  converted to anionic disodium salt (IV)a-e . The prepared a-acyl-oxysuccinic acid derivatives (III)a-e was oxypropenoxylated with various moles of propylene oxide (n= 2, 4, 6 and 8) to give (V-IX)a-d . These compounds were converted to nonionic surfactants with two terminal amide oxime groups  (XV-XIX)a-d as molecular aggregations and surface active agents in aqueous media. The structures were confirmed by micro analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectra. The surface active properties of the prepared compounds revealed excellent results.Se han preparado compuestos de tensión superficial a partir de ácido málico por esterificación con cloruro de acilo (II)a-d de [palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico y ácidos grasos mezclados de aceite de gérmen de arroz (RBO) (II)e], en presencia de piridina como catalizador, formando (III)a-e, los cuales son convertidos a sales disódicas aniónicas (IV)a-e. El derivado del ácido a-acil-oxisuccínico preparado (III)a-e fue oxipropenoxilado con varios moles de óxido de propileno (n=2, 4, 6 y 8) para dar (V-IX)a-d. Estos compuestos fueron convertidos en tensioactivos no iónicos con dos grupos amida oxima terminal (XV-XIX)a-d como agregaciones moleculares y agentes tensioactivos en medio acuoso. Las estructuras se confirmaron por microanálisis, IR y espectros de 1H NMR. Las propiedades tensioactivas de los compuestos preparados revelaron excelentes resultados