101 research outputs found

    Typologie du zircon des granitoïdes de Bouskour et d'Ougnat (Saghro, Anti-Atlas, Maroc) : Comparaison et signification géodynamique Zircon typology of Bouskour and Ougnat granitoids (Saghro, Anti-Atlas, Morocco) : comparison and geodynamic implication

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    International audienceLes granitoïdes de Bouskour et de l'Ougnat (Saghro, Anti-Atlas) représentent respectivement les intrusions les plus proches et les plus éloignées par rapport à l'accident majeur de l'Anti-Atlas. Ils sont composés à Bouskour de diorite quartzique, de granodiorite à amphibole et de granite à biotite et à Ougnat de diorite quartzique, de granodiorite à amphibole/biotite et de granite à grenat. La typologie du zircon appliquée à ces granitoïdes montre l'existence de trois tendances magmatiques dans les deux boutonniÚres. Une tendance granodioritique ou moyennement potassique représentée par les diorites quartziques et les granodiorites dans ces deux ensembles et une tendance calco-alcaline plus potassique représentée par le granite à biotite à Bouskour. Ces deux suites possÚdent une origine hybride croûte-manteau. Le granite à grenat de l'Ougnat représente la troisiÚme tendance avec une origine plutÎt crustale. Cette répartition montre que le composant crustal augmente depuis Bouskour jusqu'à l'Ougnat impliquant un épaississement crustal au niveau de Saghro au cours du Néoprotérozoïque. Both the Bouskour and the Ougnat granitoids belong to Sahgro intrusions, which are near and far from the major Anti-Atlas accident respectively. These complexes are composed of quartz diorite, amphibole granodiorite and garnet granite in Bouskour, and quartz diorite, amphibole/biotite granodiorite and garnet granite in Ougnat hills. Zircon typology in these granitoids shows three magmatic trends. First, a medium-K calc-alkaline granodiorite trend formed by quartz diorites and amphibole granodiorites in both complexes. Second, the biotite granites of Bouskour record a high-K calc-alkaline trend. Both trends have a hybrid mantle-crust origin. Garnet granite represents the third trend with a crustal origin. These signatures recorded by the Saghro granitoids suggest crustal thickening during the Neoproterozoic

    Characterization of soil specific degradation for the northern region of Morocco

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    L’érosion hydrique est un processus majeur de dĂ©gradation des sols. Au Maroc, elle est considĂ©rĂ©e comme la principale cause de dĂ©sertification. Elle entraĂźne une rĂ©duction du potentiel productif des sols et l'envasement des retenues de barrages conduisant Ă  une perte du volume d'eau mobilisable et remettant en cause la durabilitĂ© de ces ouvrages hydrauliques. Des effets nĂ©gatifs sont rĂ©percutĂ©s dans les domaines de la production de l'Ă©nergie Ă©lectrique, de l'approvisionnement en eau potable et de l’irrigation. Face Ă  l’ampleur de ce flĂ©au, le Maroc doit multiplier ses interventions pour Ă©valuer les consĂ©quences de la dĂ©gradation des sols et mettre au point des programmes de conservation appropriĂ©s. Dans ce contexte, un Ă©chantillon de 15 barrages localisĂ©s au niveau de la rĂ©gion septentrionale du Maroc a Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ© en vue d’analyser l’envasement sur des pĂ©riodes de 8 Ă  47 ans. Les donnĂ©es bathymĂ©triques ont Ă©tĂ© fournies par la DRPE (Direction de la Recherche et de la Planification de l’Eau). Le prĂ©sent papier a pour objectifs de i) caractĂ©riser la DĂ©gradation SpĂ©cifique (DS) de la rĂ©gion septentrionale du Maroc Ă  travers l'Ă©tude de 15 bassins versants ; ii) d'en dĂ©duire une gamme de variabilitĂ© de la DS dans cette rĂ©gion et iii) d'Ă©valuer la pertinence de modĂšles simples basĂ©s sur la surface du bassin, ou la combinaison de la surface et de la lame Ă©coulĂ©e moyenne annuelle, pour prĂ©dire la DS.L’approche adoptĂ©e repose sur la confrontation d'une mesure actualisĂ©e de la DĂ©gradation SpĂ©cifique (DS) dĂ©rivĂ©e des levĂ©s bathymĂ©triques avec des Ă©valuations de cette derniĂšre Ă  l'aide de modĂšles Ă©tablis pour prĂ©dire l’envasement des barrages au Maroc. L’analyse de l’alluvionnement des retenues de barrages par le dĂ©pouillement des levĂ©s bathymĂ©triques sur des pĂ©riodes allant de 8 Ă  47 ans montre un envasement total moyen annuel d’environ 0,6*109 m3, soit 13 % de la capacitĂ© totale initiale qui est de l’ordre de 4,6*109 m3 et une variabilitĂ© de la dĂ©gradation spĂ©cifique allant de 172 Ă  5365 t km-2an-1, soit un rapport de 1 Ă  31. Enfin, cette Ă©tude montre la trĂšs forte variabilitĂ© des performances de prĂ©diction de la dĂ©gradation spĂ©cifique basĂ©es sur des modĂšles simples utilisant la surface de bassin et la lame Ă©coulĂ©e. Mots clĂ©s : Érosion hydrique, Barrages, Envasement, DĂ©gradation SpĂ©cifique, MarocWater erosion is a major process of soil degradation. In Morocco, it is regarded as the principal cause of desertification. It involves a reduction of the production potential of soils and as the silting of dam reservoirs leading to a loss of the amount of mobilizable water and brings up the issue of resilience of these hydraulic infrastructures. Adverse effects are reflected in the domains of energy production and irrigation and drinking water supplies. To face this challenge, Morocco must multiply its interventions to assess the consequences of soil degradation and to develop suitable programs of soil conservation. In this context, a sample of 15 catchment area located in the northern part of Morocco was selected in order to analyze the silting over periods of 8 to 47 years. The bathymetric data was provided by the DRPE (Direction of the Research and the Planning of Water).This paper aims i) to characterize the Specific Degradation (DS) of the northern part of Morocco through the study of 15 catchment areas; ii) to deduce a range of variability from the DS in this area and iii) to assess the relevance of simple models based on basin area, or the combination of basin area and the annual average flow, to predict the DS. The adopted approach is based on the confrontation of a current measurement of the Specific Degradation (DS) derived from the bathymetric surveys with assessments of the latter using models established to predict the silting of dams in Morocco. The analysis of siltation in dam reservoirs by the investigation of bathymetric data over periods from 8 to 47 years, shows an annual average total silting of approximately 0.6*109 m3, that is13% of the initial total capacity which is about 4.6*109 m3 and a variability of the specific degradation ranging from 172 to 5 365 tkm-2yr-1, that is a ratio of1 to 31. To end with, this study shows a significant variability of the performances of prediction of specific degradation based on simple models using the area of watershed and water flow. Key words: Water erosion, Dams, Silting, Specific degradation, Morocc

    Effect of the co-application of olive waste-based compost and biochar on soil fertility and Zea mays agrophysiological traits

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    Purpose The deterioration of agricultural soil can be alleviated by maintaining an appropriate level of soil organic matter by using organic amendments such as compost and biochar. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of olive waste-based compost, wood-based biochar and their combination on the chemical and microbial properties of loamy clay soil and the agrophysiological traits of maize. Method  Zea mays was grown under greenhouse conditions for 3 months in pots filled with alkaline soil collected from 0-30 cm depth. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates and 3 treatments: compost-soil [1:10 (v/v)], biochar-soil [1:20 (v/v)] and (1:2)-ratio biochar-compost combination (BCC). ResultsBiochar addition singly or in BCC increased soil TOC, EC, and pH. Furthermore, adding biochar to compost increased the levels of macro- and micronutrients compared to those under single application of biochar. The soil fertility improved significantly with regard to available phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen, and micronutrients. Single application of biochar had a negative impact on mycorrhizal symbiosis and was statistically insignificant for soil viable cultivable microorganisms. Conclusion Overall, single application of compost gave the best results in terms of plant growth and soil fertility improvement; thus, a synergistic effect of both amendments was not observed, which could be due to the quantity of the applied biochar and the duration of the experiment

    Alteration hydrothermale et deformation ductile des roches volcaniques acides associees au gisement sulfure de draa sfar (Jebilet Centrales, Maroc)

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    The volcanics and volcanoclastic rocks of Draa Sfar (Central Jebilet, Moroccan hercynian belt) are affected by ductile stress and hydrothermal alteration accompanied by a weak degree of metamorphism (greenschist facies). Some N-S oriented shearing zones, affect locally these formations while being the site of an important hydrothermal activity. The consequences of these transformations from a non to slightly- deformed rhyodacite, show that through these ductile shearing zones: (1) the mineralogical assemblage of hydrothermal alteration is essentially formed by chlorite, sericite, quartz and magnetite; (2) the gradual increase of the alteration indexes is accompanied by the destruction of the phenocrists and the recrystallization of the matrix by phyllosilicates and quartz; (3) the progressive transfer of material is more intense in the more deformed zones where the values of Ti, Al and Zr remain constant. These shearing zones played a very important role in the circulation of fluids and the transformation of the rhyodacite of Draa Sfar.Les roches volcaniques et volcanoclastiques de Draa Sfar (Jebilet centrales, Maroc hercynien) sont affectées par une déformation ductile accompagnée d’un métamorphisme de faible degré (faciès schistes verts) et d’une altération hydrothermale. Des zones de cisaillement de direction N-S, ont affecté localement ces formations tout en étant vecteurs d’une importante activité hydrothermale. Le suivi de ces transformations à partir de la rhyodacite non ou peu déformée, montre qu’à travers ces zones de cisaillements ductiles : (1) l’assemblage minéralogique d’altération hydrothermale est formé essentiellement de chlorite, de séricite, de quartz et de magnétite ; (2) l’augmentation graduelle des indices d’altération s’exprime par la destruction des phénocristaux au profit d’une matrice recristallisée en phyllosilicates et quartz ; (3) le transfert progressif de la matière est plus intense dans les zones déformées où Ti, Al et Zr restent constants. Ces zones de cisaillements ductiles ont joué un rôle très important dans la circulation des fluides à l’origine de la transformation en phyllosilicates de la rhyodacite de Draa Sfar

    Elaboration and study of a composite material based on 'olive pomace/concrete' for the building industry : Mechanical and thermal characterization, modeling of hygrothermal behavior.

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    La gestion des dĂ©chets agricoles et la promotion de matĂ©riaux de construction durables offrent de nombreux avantages considĂ©rables. En intĂ©grant des pratiques durables dans le secteur de la construction, nous avons la capacitĂ© de rĂ©duire notre empreinte Ă©cologique en limitant l'exploitation excessive des ressources naturelles.La recherche menĂ©e dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude vise Ă  dĂ©velopper un bĂ©ton et un mortier de ciment structurels allĂ©gĂ©s avec des agrĂ©gats organiques de grignons d’olive. Deux types d’agrĂ©gats ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s selon qu’ils soient mĂ©langĂ©s ou non avec des margines. L'objectif principal de cette Ă©tude est l’évaluation expĂ©rimentale des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et thermiques des Ă©prouvettes de bĂ©ton et de mortier allĂ©gĂ©s par rapport aux Ă©prouvettes de bĂ©ton et de mortier ordinaires. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©es en utilisant des agrĂ©gats des grignons d’olive Ă  l’état sec et saturĂ©, avec un pourcentage de substitution de sable naturel variant de 0% Ă  15%. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la formulation optimale pour la production d’un bĂ©ton allĂ©gĂ© consiste en 5% d’agrĂ©gats de grignons d’olive Ă  l’état sec et mĂ©langĂ©s avec les margines. Cette formulation, offre de meilleures propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©canique, notamment une rĂ©sistance Ă  la compression de 25 MPa, une rĂ©sistance Ă  la traction de 4,61 MPa et un module d'Ă©lasticitĂ© dynamique de 44,39 GPa. En plus, le matĂ©riau rĂ©alisĂ© prĂ©sente une masse volumique sĂšche rĂ©duite entraĂźnant une diminution d’environ 5,69% par rapport au bĂ©ton de rĂ©fĂ©rence.Pour le mortier de ciment, les meilleurs rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus avec un mĂ©lange contenant 5% d’agrĂ©gats de grignons d’olive Ă  l’état sec et mĂ©langĂ©s avec les margines. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© un effet marginal sur la rĂ©sistance Ă  la compression (Rc), atteignant 33,50 MPa, et ce aprĂšs 28 jours de durcissement. Cependant, pour le bĂ©ton et le mortier, l'analyse microstructurale a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une faible adhĂ©rence entre les agrĂ©gats de grignons d’olive et la matrice cimentaire au niveau de la Zone de Transition Interfaciale. Les tests expĂ©rimentaux ont montrĂ© Ă©galement que l'augmentation de la teneur en agrĂ©gats de grignons d'olive rĂ©duit la vitesse de propagation des ultrasons et le module d'Ă©lasticitĂ© dynamique du bĂ©ton et du mortier allĂ©gĂ© ainsi que leur maniabilitĂ© tout en augmentant leur porositĂ©.En ce qui concerne les propriĂ©tĂ©s thermiques des matĂ©riaux Ă©laborĂ©s, l'incorporation d'agrĂ©gats de grignons d'olive a entraĂźnĂ© une amĂ©lioration de la rĂ©sistance thermique. Dans le cas du bĂ©ton allĂ©gĂ© avec 5% d’agrĂ©gats de grignons d’olive Ă  l’état sec et mĂ©langĂ©s avec les margines, la conductivitĂ© thermique (λ) est passĂ©e de 1,3 W/m.K (pour l’éprouvette tĂ©moin) Ă  0,86 W/m.K. Dans le cas du mortier de ciment contenant 5% d’agrĂ©gats de grignons d’olive Ă  l’état sec et mĂ©langĂ©s avec les margines, la conductivitĂ© thermique (λ) est passĂ©e de 1,1 W/m.K (Ă©prouvette tĂ©moin) Ă  0,87 W/m.K.En conclusion, cette Ă©tude a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les matĂ©riaux Ă©laborĂ©s et testĂ©s dans les conditions de laboratoires rĂ©pondent aux normes requises pour une utilisation gĂ©nĂ©rale dans le bĂątimentThe management of agricultural waste and the promotion of sustainable building materials offer many considerable benefits. By integrating sustainable practices into the construction sector, we have the ability to reduce our ecological footprint by limiting the excessive exploitation of natural resources. The research conducted in this study aims to develop a lightweight structural concrete and cement mortar using organic olive pomace aggregates. Two types of aggregates were used, depending on whether they were mixed with or without olive mill wastewater. The main objective of this study is to experimentally evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of lightened concrete and mortar specimens in comparison with ordinary concrete and mortar specimens. They were prepared using dry and saturated olive pomace aggregates, with a percentage substitution of natural sand ranging from 0% to 15%. The results showed that the optimal formulation for producing lightweight concrete consists of 5% dry olive pomace aggregates mixed with olive mill wastewater. This formulation offers better mechanical properties, including a compressive strength of 25 MPa, a tensile strength of 4.61 MPa, and a dynamic modulus of elasticity of 44.39 GPa. Additionally, the resulting material has a reduced dry bulk density, leading to a decrease of approximately 5.69% compared to the reference concrete. For cement mortar, the best results were obtained with a mixture containing 5% dry olive pomace aggregates mixed with olive mill wastewater. The results showed a marginal effect on compressive strength (Rc), reaching 33.50 MPa after 28 days of curing. However, for both concrete and mortar, microstructural analysis revealed weak adhesion between olive pomace aggregates and the cement matrix at the Interfacial Transition Zone. Experimental tests also showed that increasing the content of olive pomace aggregates reduces the ultrasound propagation velocity and the dynamic modulus of elasticity of lightweight concrete and mortar, as well as their workability, while increasing their porosity.As regards the thermal properties of the developed materials, the incorporation of olive pomace aggregates led to an improvement in thermal resistance. In the case of lightweight concrete with 5% of dry olive pomace aggregates mixed with olive mill wastewater, the thermal conductivity (λ) decreased from 1.3 W/m·K (for the control specimen) to 0.86 W/m·K. In the case of cement mortar containing 5% of dry olive pomace aggregates mixed with olive mill wastewater, the thermal conductivity (λ) decreased from 1.1 W/m·K (control specimen) to 0.87 W/m·K. In conclusion, this study revealed that the materials developed and tested under laboratory conditions meet the required standards for general use in construction

    A twisted class number formula and Gross's special units over an imaginary quadratic field

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    summary:Let F/kF/k be a finite abelian extension of number fields with kk imaginary quadratic. Let OFO_F be the ring of integers of FF and n≄2n\geq 2 a rational integer. We construct a submodule in the higher odd-degree algebraic KK-groups of OFO_F using corresponding Gross's special elements. We show that this submodule is of finite index and prove that this index can be computed using the higher ``twisted'' class number of FF, which is the cardinal of the finite algebraic KK-group K2n−2(OF)K_{2n-2}(O_F)
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