362 research outputs found

    L'Approche Juridique, Épistémique et Finalistique du Marché Pertinent en Droits Marocain et Européen de la Concurrence : État des Lieux, Enjeux et Réflexion Prospective

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    L’exercice de la prérogative individuelle de faire concurrence n’a jamais été un état naturel dépeignant les rapports entre protagonistes du marché, et la concurrence ne s’affiche pas non plus comme un simple mécanisme permettant d’établir la rencontre entre l’offre et la demande sur un marché donné. Elle se présente avant toute chose comme étant une confrontation et une contrainte économique pesant aux dépens d’opérateurs économiques. Laquelle confrontation se traduisant par la prévalence du «comportement desperado» de nuire à autrui étant donné qu’il est question tout de même d’accroître ses parts de marché à l’insu des concurrents présents sur un même marché pertinent. Cette confrontation faisant restrictions à une concurrence libre et loyale sur le marché se doit d’être appréhendée par l’entremise de la règle de droit, via la dynamisation des dispositions d’ordre public économique instituant pour les entreprises une contrainte d’ordre juridique rendant la contrainte économique effective. Le déploiement d’une appréhension juridique cohérente des restrictions à une concurrence libre et loyale sur le marché présuppose au prime abord l’adoption d’une démarche proactive et systémique laquelle verrait dans tout «comportement desperado» sur le marché intérieur un outrage à l’égalité des chances entre entreprises rivales. Une restriction à l'accès au marché étant considérée comme étant une menace déroutante pour le libre jeu de la concurrence et constitue à ce titre un obstacle considérable à la croissance socio-économique à abolir. Aussi, une approche proactive et systémique, de nature à contribuer à la préservation de l’égalité dans la concurrence voire à l’exhortation du dynamisme de compétition entre les protagonistes présents sur le marché, demeure-t-elle tributaire de l’intérêt porté à l’acte de «la définition du marché pertinent» lui-même. Dès lors, sur la base d’une méthodologie comparative et dialectique, la présente étude s'inscrit dans une perspective de recherche visant à tracer les rebords afférents au rôle joué par l’acte de «la définition du marché pertinent» dans le dessein de la mise en exergue du droit de la concurrence. Cette étude vise pareillement à démystifier les tournures épistémologiques qu’il faudrait mettre en évidence à l'échelle des autorités de la concurrence des systèmes juridiques marocain et européen pour concrétiser tous les objectifs du pacte légal de stabilité des entreprises sur le marché intérieur. Une étude qui mettera en exergue preuve à l’appui trois facteurs concluants à prendre en ligne de mire par les autorités de la concurrence des systèmes juridiques marocain et européen dans le contexte de l’appréhension pragmatique du «marché pertinent». Il s’agit, d'une part, de l’approche du «marché pertinent» orientée vers la démarcation de «l’environnement concurrentiel», notamment, à l’aune des comportements des acteurs du marché. Il est question, d'autre part, de l’approche du «marché pertinent» réalisée par référence au «contexte temporel» des «comportements prohibés» découlant de l’entreprise se trouvant au sein de l’enceinte concurrentielle, mais aussi eu égard à «la finalité intrinsèque et extrinsèque» des comportements reflétant la dimension stratégique des activités initiées par l'entreprise suspecte de fausser la concurrence sur le marché en cause. The work out of the individual prerogative to compete has never been a natural state of relations between market protagonists, nor is competition seen as a simple mechanism for bringing supply and demand together on a given market. It is first and foremost a confrontation and an economic constraint weighing on economic operators. This confrontation translates into the prevalence of «desperado behavior» to harm others, given that it is all about increasing market share without the knowledge of competitors present on the same relevant market. This confrontation, which restricts free and fair competition on the market, needs to be tackled through the rule of law, by revitalizing the provisions of economic public policy, which create a legal constraint for companies, making the economic constraint effective. Deploying a coherent legal approach to restrictions on free and fair competition in the market presupposes, at the outset, the adoption of a proactive and systemic approach, which would see any «desperado behavior» in the domestic market as an outrage against equality of opportunity between rival companies. Restrictions on market access are seen as a disturbing threat to the free play of competition, and as such constitute a considerable obstacle to socio-economic growth that needs to be abolished. A proactive, systemic approach that can help to preserve equality in competition, and even to encourage the dynamism of competition between protagonists on the market, therefore depends on a focus on the act of «defining the relevant market» itself. Based on a comparative and dialectical methodology, the present study is part of a research perspective aimed at outlining the role played by the act of «defining the relevant market» in highlighting competition law. Similarly, this study aims to demystify the epistemological twists and turns that need to be highlighted at the level of the competition authorities of the Moroccan and European legal systems in order to achieve all the objectives of the legal pact for the stability of companies in the internal market. This study will highlight three conclusive factors to be taken into account by the competition authorities of the Moroccan and European legal systems in the context of a pragmatic apprehension of «the relevant market». Firstly, the approach of the «relevant market» is geared towards demarcating the «competitive environment», particularly in terms of the behavior of market players. On the other hand, the «relevant market» approach is based on the «temporal context» of the «prohibited behaviour» of the company in the competitive arena, as well as on the «intrinsic and extrinsic purpose» of the behaviour, reflecting the strategic dimension of the activities initiated by the company suspected of distorting competition in the «relevant market»

    La définition du marché pertinent aux fins des droits marocain et européen de la concurrence: état des lieux et réflexion prospective

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    L’apprĂ©hension de l’entrave Ă  l’accès au marchĂ© suppose avant tout l’adoption d’une approche qui verrait dans toute atteinte Ă  l’égalitĂ© des chances entre entreprises, une restriction au libre jeu de la concurrence au sens de la politique de la concurrence, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, ainsi que des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en sous examen, en particulier. Cette approche qui est de nature Ă  contribuer Ă  la prĂ©servation de l’égalitĂ© dans la concurrence voire l’exhortation du dynamisme de compĂ©tition entre les acteurs prĂ©sents sur le marchĂ©, demeure tributaire de l’intĂ©rĂŞt qui est portĂ© Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent lui-mĂŞme. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude s'inscrit dans une perspective de recherche visant au prĂ©alable Ă  apporter une conceptualisation des critères juridiques favorisant l’organisation des afflux concurrentiels au sein du marchĂ© via le recours Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent au standard des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en. En vue d’atteindre cette finalitĂ©, il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre en Ă©vidence une rĂ©flexion affichant un aspect totalisateur, permettant de la sorte de mieux apprĂ©hender la nĂ©cessitĂ© de dĂ©finir le marchĂ© pertinent, de jauger et d’entrevoir sa mise en exergue, notamment, Ă  l’aune de la pensĂ©e Ă©conomique.   The apprehension of the obstacle to market access presupposes, above all, the adoption of an approach, which would see in any attack on equal opportunities between companies, a restriction on the free play of competition, within the meaning of competition policy as well as under the Moroccan and European legal systems. This approach, which is likely to contribute to the preservation of equality in competition or even the exhortation of the dynamism of competition between the actors present on the market, remains dependent on the interest that is shown in the definition of the relevant market. The current study aims to provide a conceptualization of the legal criteria favoring the organization of competitive flows within the market through the use of the definition of the relevant market at the level of the Moroccan and European legal systems. In order to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to put forward a reflection displaying a totalizing aspect, such as to allow the deployment of the need to define the relevant market, to gauge and glimpse its essence, especially, at the yardstick of economic thought

    L'instrumentalisation de la Définition du Marché Pertinent aux Fins de la Mise en Oeuvre des Droits Marocain et Européen de la Concurrence : état des Lieux et Réflexion Prospective

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    L’apprĂ©hension de l’entrave Ă  l’accès au marchĂ© suppose avant tout l’adoption d’une approche qui verrait dans toute atteinte Ă  l’égalitĂ© des chances entre entreprises, une restriction au libre jeu de la concurrence au sens de la politique de la concurrence, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, ainsi que des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en sous examen, en particulier. Cette approche qui est de nature Ă  contribuer Ă  la prĂ©servation de l’égalitĂ© dans la concurrence voire l’exhortation du dynamisme de compĂ©tition entre les acteurs prĂ©sents sur le marchĂ©, demeure tributaire de l’intĂ©rĂŞt portĂ© Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent lui-mĂŞme. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude s'inscrit dans une perspective de recherche visant au prĂ©alable Ă  apporter une conceptualisation des critères juridiques favorisant l’organisation des afflux concurrentiels au sein du marchĂ© via le recours Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent au standard des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en. Dans le but d’atteindre cette finalitĂ©, il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre en Ă©vidence une rĂ©flexion affichant un aspect totalisateur, permettant de mieux dĂ©finir le marchĂ© pertinent, de jauger et d’entrevoir sa rĂ©alisation, notamment, Ă  l’aune de la pensĂ©e Ă©conomique.   The apprehension of the obstacle to market access presupposes, above all, the adoption of an approach, which would see in any attack on equal opportunities between companies, a restriction on the free play of competition, within the meaning of competition policy as well as under the Moroccan and European legal systems. This approach, which is likely to contribute to the preservation of equality in competition or even the exhortation of the dynamism of competition between the actors present on the market, remains dependent on the interest that is shown in the definition of the relevant market. The current study aims to provide a conceptualization of the legal criteria favoring the organization of competitive flows within the market through the use of the definition of the relevant market at the level of the Moroccan and European legal systems. In order to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to put forward a reflection displaying a totalizing aspect, such as to allow the deployment of the need to define the relevant market, to gauge and glimpse its essence, especially, at the yardstick of economic thought

    L'Appréhension Juridique, Epistémique et Téléologique du Marché Pertinent en Droits Marocain et Européen de la Concurrence : Etat des Lieux, Enjeux et Réflexion Prospective

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    Une apprĂ©hension juridique cohĂ©rente des restriction Ă  une concurrence libre et loyale sur le marchĂ© prĂ©suppose au prime abord l’adoption d’une dĂ©marche proactive et systĂ©mique qui verrait dans tout «comportement desperado» sur le marchĂ© intĂ©rieur un outrage Ă  l’égalitĂ© des chances entre entreprises. Une restriction ou entrave Ă  l'accès au marchĂ© Ă©tant considĂ©rĂ©e une menace dĂ©routante pour le libre jeu de la concurrence ــlequel jeu devant rĂ©gner en maitre sur « le milieu des entreprises » acteurs principaux du marchĂ© intĂ©rieurــ et Ă  ce titre un obstacle Ă  aboulir. NĂ©anmoins, une approche proactive et systĂ©mique, de nature Ă  contribuer Ă  la prĂ©servation de l’égalitĂ© dans la concurrence voire Ă  l’exhortation du dynamisme de compĂ©tition entre les protagonistes prĂ©sents sur le marchĂ©, demeure tributaire de l’intĂ©rĂŞt portĂ© Ă  l’acte de «la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent» lui-mĂŞme. Dès lors, la prĂ©sente Ă©tude s'inscrit dans une perspective de recherche visant Ă  tracer les rebords affĂ©rents au rĂ´le jouĂ© par l’acte de «la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent» dans le dessein de la mise en exergue du droit de la concurrence. Cette Ă©tude vise pareillement Ă  dĂ©mystifier les tournures Ă©pistĂ©mologiques qu’il faudrait dĂ©ployer Ă  l'Ă©chelle des autoritĂ©s de la concurrence  des systèmes juridiques sous examen pour concrĂ©tiser tous les objectifs du pacte lĂ©gal de stabilitĂ© des entreprises sur le marchĂ© intĂ©rieur.   The mission of apprehension of obstacles to market access presupposes above all the adoption of an approach which would see in any « desperado behavior » on the internal market an outrage on equal opportunities between companies. A restriction on the free play of competition which should reign supreme over « the business environment ». This approach - which is likely to contribute to the preservation of equality in competition or even to the encouragement of competitive dynamism between the protagonists present on the market - remains dependent on the interest shown in the act of « the definition of the relevant market » itself. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to trace the edges relating to the role played by the act of «defining the relevant market» in the aim of highlighting competition law. This study also aims to demystify the epistemological aspects that should be deployed at the level of competition authorities to achieve all the objectives of the legal pact for the stability of companies on the market

    La définition du marché pertinent aux fins des droits marocain et européen de la concurrence: état des lieux et réflexion prospective

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    L’apprĂ©hension de l’entrave Ă  l’accès au marchĂ© suppose avant tout l’adoption d’une approche qui verrait dans toute atteinte Ă  l’égalitĂ© des chances entre entreprises, une restriction au libre jeu de la concurrence au sens de la politique de la concurrence, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, ainsi que des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en sous examen, en particulier. Cette approche qui est de nature Ă  contribuer Ă  la prĂ©servation de l’égalitĂ© dans la concurrence voire l’exhortation du dynamisme de compĂ©tition entre les acteurs prĂ©sents sur le marchĂ©, demeure tributaire de l’intĂ©rĂŞt qui est portĂ© Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent lui-mĂŞme. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude s'inscrit dans une perspective de recherche visant au prĂ©alable Ă  apporter une conceptualisation des critères juridiques favorisant l’organisation des afflux concurrentiels au sein du marchĂ© via le recours Ă  la dĂ©finition du marchĂ© pertinent au standard des systèmes juridiques marocain et europĂ©en. En vue d’atteindre cette finalitĂ©, il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre en Ă©vidence une rĂ©flexion affichant un aspect totalisateur, permettant de la sorte de mieux apprĂ©hender la nĂ©cessitĂ© de dĂ©finir le marchĂ© pertinent, de jauger et d’entrevoir sa mise en exergue, notamment, Ă  l’aune de la pensĂ©e Ă©conomique.   The apprehension of the obstacle to market access presupposes, above all, the adoption of an approach, which would see in any attack on equal opportunities between companies, a restriction on the free play of competition, within the meaning of competition policy as well as under the Moroccan and European legal systems. This approach, which is likely to contribute to the preservation of equality in competition or even the exhortation of the dynamism of competition between the actors present on the market, remains dependent on the interest that is shown in the definition of the relevant market. The current study aims to provide a conceptualization of the legal criteria favoring the organization of competitive flows within the market through the use of the definition of the relevant market at the level of the Moroccan and European legal systems. In order to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to put forward a reflection displaying a totalizing aspect, such as to allow the deployment of the need to define the relevant market, to gauge and glimpse its essence, especially, at the yardstick of economic thought

    Shari`ah and State Formation: Historical Perspective

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    This Article focuses on issues of Islamic discrimination against women and asks how centuries of legal practice in Shari\u27ah courts illustrate Muslim societies\u27 regard of the witness of women, women\u27s work, women\u27s seclusion, and the existence of or the need for a private/public divide in a woman\u27s role in society. Furthermore, this Article explores the legal system when Shari\u27ah courts practiced Shari\u27ah law before the coming of the West or the modernization of law in Muslim countries. Were presumptions, such as the nature of women, at the heart of the system, or were rules of evidence the determinants of justice? How closely followed were the conclusions of jurists and mufti\u27s (jurisconsults) when it came to decisions made by qadis (judges)? Finally, how can we define justice in Islamic courts? I deal with these questions through two main inquiries using Shari\u27ah archival records from Egypt and Palestine during the Ottoman period and into the nineteenth century. The first inquiry deals with the public/private divide, which is the usual justification for giving less credibility to the witness of women. The second inquiry will deal with archival evidence regarding the witness of women including their role as expert witnesses

    Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome with Multiple Scalp Cylindromas and Bilateral Parotid Gland Adenomas

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    A 62-year-old female presented with numerous soft tissue lesions of her scalp and bilateral preauricular region. Several of these have been biopsied or removed with a diagnosis of cylindromas. Cylindromas are benign tumors with a differentiation towards apocrine sweat glands that increase in number and size throughout life. Multiple scalp cylindromas may coalesce and cover the entire scalp, resulting in the “turban tumor.” These are often associated with the autosomal dominant Brooke-Spiegler syndrome with coexistent facial trichoepitheliomas and spiradenomas. There is a very rare association between cylindromas and basal cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland, with only 17 reported cases. Ours is the first CT demonstration of both the scalp and parotid gland findings in this uncommon situation

    The Contribution of Internal Audit to the Improvement of Internal Control System

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    In order to be more flexible in a perpetual mutational environment and face up to damaging effects of an economic situation in strong growth, organizations have to acquire efficient management tools allowing them to accomplish their objectives and to protect themselves against inherent risks. The implementation of an internal control system is considered to be the guarantor of an invincible organizational system and a means of control of risky operations. However, an applied and well conceived internal control provides the organization just a reasonable and not an absolute insurance about its objectives realization and sustainability. It is the reason for which an upper level control, accomplished by the internal audit function, seems to be a palliative to the internal control deficiencies, and a means of supervising and evaluating the application of procedures and internal control rules. Thus, this research aims at demonstrating how internal audit can participate to the improvement of internal control system. In this context, we have introduced a qualitative study, which was based on a sample of 10 Moroccan publicly traded companies that operate in many industries. Through the interviews conducted with this sample, we had identified firstly, the different control levels within organizations, and their degree of effectiveness and their capacity to face up risks as well as the limits of each type of control. Secondly, this research explored that internal audit is considered as a response to the insufficiencies of different lower control levels, and a means of monitoring and piloting the effectiveness of internal control system, across notably the recommendations provided

    The Potential of Establishing Technology Computer Aided Design Industry: Africa - Sudan As a Case-Study

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    Very-Large-Scale-Integration (VLSI) Integrated-Circuit (IC) designs have steadily grown in their capacity and complexity through the years. The need for technology simulations using technology computer-aided-design (TCAD) tools have become an essential part of design success. The TCAD simulations facilitate process optimization, highlight device performance tradeoffs, enable worst case analysis, and reveal device defects and weakness. Microelectronics higher education in African universities focuses mainly on the chip/circuit design instruction. Virtually little or no emphasis is applied to grow students TCAD simulation skills. This paper discusses the potential of African educational institutes of becoming the supplier of qualified TCAD simulation engineers for future African IC industry and/or worldwide VLSI job market. The African universities are encouraged to emphasize on establishing frameworks that would include TCAD simulation research and development into their curriculums and motivate students to venture the VLSI design and automation fields. This would enable African graduates to exploit the microelectronics job market worldwide and establish TCAD industries within Africa to industrialize African job market
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