Infection of Chilli (Capsicum Annuum L.) Seeds by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. and its Transmission

This study aimed to detect the external and internal seed - borne infection of C. gloeosporioides in chilli seeds and to determine its site of infection in the seeds. The study also proposed to investigate the mechanism of seed infection and its role in t he development of anthracnose fruit rot in the field

Chloridobis[2-(1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl-κN 2)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN 3]copper(II) chloride methanol hemisolvate tetra­hydrate

In the title compound, [CuCl(C9H12N4)2]Cl·0.5CH3OH·4H2O, the CuII ion adopts a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination arising from two bidentate ligands and a Cl− anion. The two heterocyclic ligands are planar with dihedral angles of 3.4 (1) and 0.7 (1)° between the pyrazole and imidazole rings. In the crystal, water mol­ecules and uncoordinated chloride anions form an O—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded sheet parallel to (100) which lies between two layers of complex mol­ecules. The packing is further stabilized by C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The methanol solvent mol­ecule is disordered across a centre of inversion

1-Decyl-6-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2(3H)-on

The title mol­ecule, C17H25N3O3, is built up from fused six- and five-membered rings linked to a –C10H21 chain. The fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.009 (2) Å. The chain is roughly perpendic­ular to this plane, making a dihedral angle of 79.5 (2)°. In the crystal, N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds build infinite chains along [010]. There are channels in the structure containing disordered hexane. The contribution of this solvent to the scattering power was suppressed using the SQUEEZE option in PLATON [Spek (2009 [triangle]). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155]

3-Allyl-6-bromo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one

In the title compound, C15H14N2O4, (I), the mol­ecule lies on a twofold rotation axis which passes through the central C atom of the aliphatic chain, giving one half-mol­ecule per asymmetric unit. The structure is a monoclinic polymorph of the triclinic structure previously reported [Brito, Vallejos, Bolte & López-Rodríguez (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o792], (II). The most obvious difference between them is the O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C torsion angle [58.2 (7)° in (I) and 173.4 (3)/70.2 (3)° in (II) for GG and TG conformations, respectively]. Another important difference is observed in the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings [86.49 (7)° for (I) and 76.4 (3)° for (II)]. The crystal structure features a weak π–π inter­action [centroid–centroid distance = 4.1397 (10)Å]; this latter kind of inter­action is not evident in the triclinic polymorph

L’urethrorraphie Terminoterminale Dans Le Traitement des Retrecissements de L’uretre Bulbaire et Membraneux

Objectifs: Evaluer les résultats de d’urétrorraphie termino-terminale dans le traitement des sténoses de l’urètre bulbaire et membraneux à travers l’étude de la série de notre service et une revue récente de la littérature.Patients et méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective basée sur la revue des dossiers médicaux des patients ayant bénéficiés d’une Urétrorraphie Termino-Terminale (UTT) dans notre formation entre Février 2006 et Février 2010. La moyenne d’âge des patients était de38, 3 ans. L’étiologie du rétrécissement urétral était infectieuse et traumatique respectivement dans 40 % et 60% des cas. Chez 68 % d’entre eux, le rétrécissement urétral était localisé au niveau bulbaire et chez 32 % au niveau membraneux. Tous les patients avaient une sténoseunique inférieure à 2 cm à l’urétro-cystographie rétrograde et mictionnelle.Résultats: La durée moyenne de suivi était de 28 mois. Le taux de succès de l’urétrorraphie termino-terminale dans notre étude était de 88 %. 12% des patients avaient présenté une récidive de la sténose. Tow patients (8%) ayant une sténose bulbaire avaient rapporté des troubles éjaculatoires. Aucun de nos patients (0%) n’avait présenté ni dysfonction érectile ni incontinence suite à cette intervention.Conclusion: L’urétroplastie anastomotique termino-terminale permet des taux élevés de reperméabilisation urétrale après une première procédure. Le taux de récidive de la sténose reste faible comparativement aux autres techniques chirurgicales. Les troubles éjaculatoires peuvent être prévenus par une dissection minutieuse et une restitution anatomique desmuscles bulbo-caverneux

Optimal Taxation and Economic Growth in Tunisia: Short and Long Run Analysis

Tax policy is among the most common and relevant instruments in the toolkit of policy-makers when thinking about promoting growth, yet there is not compelling evidence regarding its effect in Tunisia. Using a variety of approaches, we measure firstly the optimal tax burden rate using Scully's static model and the quadratic model. For Scully's static model, gross domestic product is the dependent variable. For the quadratic model, growth rate is a dependent variable explained by tax rate in level and in square. Secondly and according to stationary and cointegration test results, we focus on the long-term effects on gross domestic product of the important taxes, namely tax revenue and private receipts. In this second study, we use a basic Scully model and we develop a vector error correction model technique. Our results show that optimal tax burden rate has to be situated between 12.8% and 19.6% of gross domestic product which is widely lower than the current rates. The long-term analysis estimates an optimal rate of 14% of gross domestic product which can participate to increase economic growth, to stabilize the tax evasion and to encourage investment especially after the Tunisian revolution

The γ-polymorph of AgZnPO4 with an ABW zeolite-type framework topology

The γ-polymorph of the title compound, silver zinc orthophos­phate, was synthesized under hydro­thermal conditions. The structure consists of ZnO4, PO4 and AgO4 units. The coord­ination spheres of ZnII and PV are tetra­hedral, whereas the AgI atom is considerably distorted from a tetra­hedral coordination. Each O atom is linked to each of the three cations. An elliptic eight-membered ring system is formed by corner-sharing of alternating PO4 and ZnO4 tetra­hedra, leading to a framework with an ABW-type zeolite structure. The framework encloses channels running parallel to [100] in which the Ag cations are located, with Ag⋯Ag contacts of 3.099 (3) Å. This short distance results from d 10⋯d 10 inter­actions, which play a substantial role in the crystal packing. The structure of γ-AgZnPO4 is distinct from the two other polymorphs α-AgZnPO4 and β-AgZnPO4, but is isotypic with NaZnPO4-ABW, NaCoPO4-ABW and NH4CoPO4-ABW