The impact of the religious order on the political practice in morocco: the case of the alternation

La cultura del consenso, peculiaridad propia de la cultura política marroquí fruto de la conciliación entre dos tipos de legitimidades diametralmente opuestas (religiosa y laica), va a dar a los diferentes conceptos e instrumentos de la práctica política y del ejercicio del poder una connotación propia y singular en relación con los conocidos conceptos tanto en ciencia política y en derecho constitucional por un lado, como en la práctica política de los países occidentales del otro: separación de poderes, monarquía parlamentaria, constitución, partidos políticos, elecciones, oposición... etc. La alternancia de su lado no escapará a esta norma fundadora de la especificidad de la excepción marroquí.The culture of consensus, a particularity specific to the Moroccan political culture resulting from the conciliation between two diametrically opposed types of legitimacy (religious and secular), will give the different concepts and tools of political practice and the exercise of power a genuine and unique connotation compared to that known both in political science and constitutional law on the one hand, and in the political practice of Western countries on the other: separation of powers, parliamentary monarchy, constitution, political parties, elections, opposition ... etc. Alternation, as well will not escape from this founding rule on which the specificity of the Moroccan exception is based.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Inhibitive effect of some 1,5-benzodiazepin 2-one derivatives on the corrosion of iron in 1M HCl

The effect of some 1,5-benzodiazepin 2-one derivatives on the corrosion behaviour of iron in 1M HCl has been investigated by gravimetric and electrochemical polarization methods. Both techniques gave the same order of inhibition efficiencies. Polarization data indicate that all of the compounds tested act as mixed-type inhibitors, without changing the mechanism of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction. The inhibition efficiency of the compounds tested has been found to decrease as follows: 7-methyl 4-phenyl 1,5-benzodiazepin 2-one > 4-phenyl 1,5-benzodiazepin 2-one > 3,7-dimethyl 1,5-benzodiazepin 2-one. These compounds are adsorbed on the iron surface according to a Frumkin isotherm. The inhibition efficiency and the mode of adsorption of these compounds have been explained on the basis of nature of substituents and stability of conformers in the seven-membered ring of 1,5- benzodiazepin 2-one. The effect of temperature in the range 18-50 °C indicates that the protection efficiency decreases very slightly when the temperature increases. Apparent activation energies were determined

Gemini surfactants of the type 1,2-ethanediyl bis-(dimethylalkylammonium bromide)

Gemini surfactants in the series 1,2-ethanediyl bis-(dimethyl-alkylammonium bromide), referred to as (n-2-n), were synthesized, purified and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C and mass spectra. The thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of these surfactants were studied by different techniques. Thus, for gemini (10-2-10), cryoscopic osmometry was used to determine the c.m.c. and osmotic coefficient. By density measurement, the c.m.c., molar volume at the c.m.c. and the volume change during micellization were determined. Gemini (10-2-10) and higher homologs (12-2-12) and (14-2-14) were also investigated by electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements. Electrical conductivity measurements were used to determine their c.m.c. and degree of ionization. From surface tension versus log (molar concentration), we determined the c.m.c., surface tension at the c.m.c. (γc.m.c.), pC20 (negative log of the surfactant's molar concentration, C20, required to reduce the surface tension by 20 mN/m). The surface excess (Γmax) at the air/aqueous solution interface, the minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/aqueous solution interface (A0) and the critical packing parameter (CPP) were then calculated. Surface tension measurements show that while the alkyl chain affects the critical micellar concentration it has little effect on the area per molecule at the air/water interface. The inhibitive effect of these compounds on the corrosion of iron in hydrochloric acid was also studied using gravimetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained show that these compounds are good inhibitors of iron corrosion and reach their maximum inhibition efficiency near their critical micellar concentration.Peer reviewe

Corrosion inhibition of iron in 1 M HCl by some gemini surfactants in the series of alkanediyl-α,ω-bis-(dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium bromide)

Three new gemini surfactants in the series of alkanediyl-α,ω-bis-(dimethylalkyl ammonium bromide) were synthesised and tested as corrosion inhibitors of iron in hydrochloric acid medium using gravimetric, electrochemical polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results obtained show that the surfactants studied are good cathodic inhibitors and act on the cathodic hydrogen reaction without modifying its mechanism. EIS results show that the changes in the impedance parameters (RT and Cdl) with concentration of surfactants studied is indicative of the adsorption of molecules of surfactant leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of iron. The effect of the temperature on the iron corrosion in both 1M HCl and 1M HCl with addition of various concentrations of 1,2-ethane bis-(dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium bromide) in the range of temperature 20-60°C was studied. The associated apparent activation corrosion energy has been determined.We thank the CNPRST for its financial support (PARS Chim.008) and the TWAS for its Research Grant: 97-121 RG/CHE/AF/AC.Peer reviewe