A Review on Various Methods of Cryptography for Cyber Security

In the today’s world of digital communication networks, the privacy and security of the transmitted data has become a basic necessity for communication. Data Security is the science and study of techniques of securing data in computer and communication systems from unknown users, disclosures and modifications. Cyber security issues plays a vital role in moving towards digital information age. Therefore, the encryption and decryption systems have been implemented for protecting information. The internet users are rapidly increasing day by day which causes a lot of cyber-criminals. The security of not only the single system but the entire systems will be ensured by the task of network security and controlled by network administrator. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various methods of Cryptography and how these methods will help to secure data from unauthenticated users. This paper has primarily focused on Cyber Security and Cryptographic concepts. This paper has also discusses the various attacks and cryptographic algorithms that are used in various applications of cyber security

Investigation of effect of temperature and forming speed on the formability of AA3003 Brazing Sheets

The present work investigates the effect of forming temperature and forming speed on the formability of AA3003 aluminum alloy brazing sheet in three temper conditions (O, H22 and H24) and two different thicknesses (0.2 and 0.5 mm). Limiting Dome Height (LDH) experiments were conducted from which Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) were developed using the “linear best fit time-dependent method” (due to Volk and Hora, 2010) at room temperature (RT), 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C and forming speeds of 0.4 and 1.6 mm/s. Limiting dome height (LDH) experiments performed on 0.5 mm O temper AA3003 brazing sheet showed an increase in the biaxial dome height (from 29.3 mm to 38 mm) for an increase in temperature from RT to 250 °C, a 28% increase. For the thinner 0.2 mm material, the corresponding improvement in LDH for the same temperature increase was 30%, 29% and 26% for the O, H22 and H24 tempers, respectively. The measured FLCs were found to decrease with a decrease in sheet thickness and with increases in the initial hardness (temper). The plane strain limit strain (FLC-0 strain) of the O temper materials decreased by 24% at RT and 35% at 250 °C, when the thickness is reduced from 0.5 mm to 0.2 mm. For the 0.2 mm H22 and H24 materials, the RT FLC-0 strains are observed to be 31% and 39% lower than that of 0.2 mm O temper sheet. At 250 °C the respective drop in FLC-0 for the two tempers are 39% and 48%, respectively. The increase in forming speed from 0.4 mm/s to 1.6 mm/s had very little effect on forming limits at RT, but resulted in a 6-9% drop in the FLCs at 250 °C. M-K analyses were used to predict the FLCs. It was found that the M-K model is able to capture the temperature dependent formability behavior for the considered brazing sheets when the forming temperature increased from RT to 250 °C. However, the effect of punch speed is not captured as well and this is thought to be a function of the adopted Voce-based material model

Density Functional Calculations on Structural and Elastic Properties of BeCo Intermetallic under Pressure

The structural and elastic properties of beryllium cobalt intermetallic compound in B2-type (CsCl) structure are studied. The calculations were performed employing full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. It is based on density functional theory (DFT). The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) in the scheme of Perdew, Burke and Ernzrhof (PBE) Wu and Cohen (WC) and Perdew et al. (PBE-sol) has been used for the exchange correlation potential. The equilibrium properties such as lattice constant (a0), bulk modulus (B) and its first derivative (B') have been obtained. The calculated equilibrium lattice parameters are in excellent agreement with the available experimental and other theoretical results. We first time report the variation of elastic constants under pressure range (0 GPa - 20 GPa). Keywords: FP-LAPW method, intermetallic compounds, elastic constants, equation of states

Leiomyoma of vulva mimmicking bartholin cyst

Leiomyoma of vulva are uncommon findings in women of reproductive age group. It is often misdiagnosed as Bartholin cyst as unilateral swelling of vulva in women of reproductive age group is commonly a bartholin cyst or abscess. We describe a case of leiomyoma that clinically mimicked bartholin duct cyst. Identification of leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma is necessary because of risk of recurrence, need of radiation and or chemotherapy in addition to surgical excision whereas standard treatment for bartholin cyst is marsuplisation

Structural, Electronic, Thermal and Elastic Properties of Ductile PdSc and PtSc Intermetallic Compounds

The ab-initio calculations were performed to investigate structural, electronic, thermal and elastic properties of the binary ductile intermetallic compounds PdSc and PtSc with B2 (CsCl-type) structure using full potential linear augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) on the basis of density functional theory (DFT).The generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA and WC-GGA) is applied for PdSc and PtSc. The calculated equilibrium properties such as lattice constant (a0), bulk modulus (B) and its first derivative (B') are in better agreement with experimental and theoretical results. The elastic constants (C11, C12 and C44) of these compounds are reported first time. The value of B/GH ratio for both the compounds are larger than 1.75, indicating the ductile manner of these materials. From density of states and Band structure, it is observed that these intermetallic compounds are metallic in nature. We report first time mechanical and thermal properties which are predicted from the calculated values of elastic constants. Keywords: Intermetallic compounds, Ab-initio calculations, Thermal properties, Mechanical properties, Density of states, Ductilit

Formulation and Evaluation of Extended Release Floating Matrix Tablet of Eperisone Hydrochloride by Direct Compression Method

Increased complications and costs of marketing of innovative drugs focused greater attention to the development of sustained release (SR) or controlled release (CR) drug delivery systems. Delivery systems extended release or controlled release rate can achieve predictable and reproducible, the extended duration of activity for the short time of life - drugs, reduced toxicity and dose reduction request, the optimized therapy and better patient compliance. It is controlled primarily by the type and the proportion of the polymers used in the preparation. Eperisone hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant acting through poly and mono-synaptic reflexes in the spinal cord, exhibits vasodilator effect, increases blood flow and inhibits the pain reflex pathway. The objective of present work was to develop and evaluated oral extended release floating matrix tablet of eperisone HCl prepared by the method of direct compression, using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15, HPMC K4) and PVP K30 as matrix formation polymers. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid was used as gas generating agents. The FTIR spectra of the eperisone HCl and other excipients alone and in combination show the compatibility of the drug and excipients. Nine formulations of different polymer percentages were formulated (F1-F9). Pre-compression parameters were evaluated. The influence of matrix forming agents and binary mixtures of them on eperisone HCl release was investigated. The formulated tablets were characterized by thickness and diameter, drug content, hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, In vitro buoyancy studies and dissolution rate studies. The formulated tablets had acceptable physicochemical characters. The data obtained from the in-vitro dissolution studies of optimized batch F7 were fitted in different models. The optimized formulation F7 showed 99.45±0.45% drug content and floating lag times of 65±4 sec. Drug release mechanism was found to be first order kinetics. Eperisone HCl floating tablets exhibited increased gastric residence time, there by improved bioavailability and therapeutic effect of the drug. Keywords: Sustained release, Eperisone hydrochloride, Direct compression, Pre and post compression parameter

Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride by Direct Compression Method

A sustained-release tablet formulation should ideally have a proper release profile insensitive to moderate changes in tablet hardness that is usually encountered in manufacturing. Isoxsuprine hydrochloride is structurally a novel vasodilator. The short biological half-life (5±2 hr) and the fast clearance make the drug, a suitable candidate for the development of modified release formulation. A novel oral controlled delivery system for isoxsuprine hydrochloride was developed and optimized. Matrix tablets of isoxsuprine hydrochloride were prepared by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC K15), Gaur Gum and PVP K 30 as polymer substance to achieve required sustained release profile. The matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method which is now days considered a cost effective and simple method of manufacturing. It is considered as an appropriate method for hygroscopic and thermolabile substances. Six formulations of different polymer percentages were formulated (F1-F6). Pre-compression parameters were evaluated. The influence of matrix forming agents and binary mixtures of them on isoxsuprine hydrochloride release was investigated. The formulated tablets were characterized by hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation and in vitro drug release. The formulated tablets had acceptable physicochemical characters. There was no chemical interaction found between the drug and excipients throughout FT-IR and UV study thought of in the present investigation. The quantity of isoxsuprine hydrochloride present in the tablets and the release medium were estimated by a simple, rapid and validated UV method. The dissolution results show that increased amount of polymer resulted in reduced and extended drug release. F4 formulation is the optimum formulation due to its better targeting profile in terms of release. First order kinetic profiles were achieved. This formulation may provide an alternative for oral controlled delivery of isoxsuprine hydrochloride and be helpful in the future treatment of   peripheral vascular disease. Keywords: Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, HPMC K15, Gaur Gum, PVP K30, Direct compression method, Dissolutio

Protein Profile of Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549) Revealing Deviation in Cytoskeleton Proteins in Response to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Exposure

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in biomedicine and scientific research because of their high dissolution property and bioavailability. On the contrary, this property also increases the intracellular reactivity, accessibility and cytotoxicity. These nano-bio interactions could induce undesirable changes in the proteome of the interacting cells, especially in the lung cells as these are the primary contact site. However, the potential effects of ZnO NPs exposure on proteome remain unclear. Proteomics data will substantiate the detailed mechanism of cellular interactions and modulatory effects of ZnO NPs on cells. Quantitative proteomic profiling was done using MALDI-TOF/TOF and MS/MS to identify differential protein expression on exposure to NPs among non exposed and exposed cells. Twenty-two proteins, with approximately 1.5 fold differential expression in cells exposed to ZnO NPs as compared to control cells were identified. Differentially expressed proteins were further classified using PANTHER software on the basis of functional gene ontology term: molecular function, biological process and cellular component. ToppGene suite was used to study protein-protein interaction and network was enriched with STRING. This study is a systematic analysis of protein modulation of the A549 cells exposed to ZnO NPs indicating alterations in the cytoskeleton