The relationship of aberrant observation and structural break point: determination with bayesian autoregressive process

Yapısal kırılma noktası, zaman serilerinde sapan gözlem türlerinden biri olan seviye kayması (Level Shift) olarak düşünülebilir. Çalışmada sapan gözlem türlerinden özellikle seviye kayması ve Bayesyen otoregresif sürece kısaca değinilmiştir. Bu kapsamda seviye kaymasının Bayesyen otoregresif süreçle de bulunabildiği bir seri üzerinde gösterilmiştir.In time series, structural break point can be considered as Level Shift, one type of aberrant observation. Types of aberrant observations, especially Level Shift, and Bayesian autoregressive process are mentioned in the study. In this extent, the ability of finding Level Shift with Bayesian Autoregressive process is also demonstrated on real data

Resmi ve özel ilköğretim okullarında örgütsel zeka düzeylerine ilişkin yönetici ve öğretmen görüşleri (Sakarya ili örneği)

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Ögretmen ve yöneticilerin görüslerine göre, devlet ve özel ilkögretim okullarındaörgütsel zekanın ne düzeyde gerçeklestigini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan buarastırmada, Sakarya il merkezindeki resmi ilkögretim okullarında çalısan 380, özelilkögretim okullarında çalısan 119 ögretmenin görüsleri alınmıstır. Arastırma verileri,Karl Albrecht tarafından gelistirilen, ?Örgütsel Zekanın Boyutları Ölçegi? denuyarlanan, ?lkögretim Okullarının Örgütsel Zeka Düzeyleri Ölçegi? kullanılaraktoplanmıstır.Arastırma sonunda, boyutların ortalama puanlarına göre resmi okul isgörenleri ile özelokul isgörenlerinin görüsleri arasındaki anlamlı farklardan hareketle, stratejik vizyon,paylasılan kader, degisime istekli olma, içtenlik, güçbirligi ve uygunluk, bilgiyi etkilikullanma, performans baskısı boyutlarında degerlendirilen örgütsel zeka düzeylerininözel okullarda resmi okullara oranla çok daha iyi oldugu belirlenmistir.Okuldaki pozisyon degiskenine göre örgütsel zekanın paylasılan kader boyutu hariçtüm boyutlarında anlamlı farkın oldugu saptanmıstır. Okul yöneticilerinin,ögretmenlere göre daha olumlu düsündükleri görülmüstür. Cinsiyet degiskeninisgörenlerin örgütsel zeka algısında bir etkisi olmadıgı saptanmıstır. Egitim durumudegiskenine göre örgütsel zeka algısına bakıldıgında, egitim durumu yükseldikçeolumlu görüs belirtme düzeyinin düstügü saptanmıstır. 21 yıl ve üstü kıdeme sahipolan çalısanların diger çalısanlara oranla örgütsel zekanın tüm boyutlarında olumlugörüs sergiledikleri görülmüstür. Okullarının yönetim tarzının demokratik oldugunudüsünen isgörenlerin, yönetim tarzının otoriter ve serbestçi oldugunu düsünenisgörenlere göre, örgütsel zekanın tüm boyutlarını daha olumlu algıladıklarısaptanmıstır. Yasamlarının büyük bir bölümünü Güneydogu Anadolu Bölgesindegeçiren isgörenler, diger bölgelerde geçirenlere göre örgütsel zekanın tüm boyutlarınıdaha olumlu algılamıslardır.In this research conducted with the objective of determining to what extent organisationalintelligence has been achieved in public and private primary education schools according toteachers and managers, 380 teachers and managers employed in the public primary educationschools and 119 teachers and managers in the private primary education schools in the centrum ofSakarya were asked to express their opinions on learning organisation. Data of the research hasbeen gathered through the ?Organisational Intelligence in Primary Education SchoolsQuestionnaire? adapted from ?Dimensions of the Organizational Intelligence Questionnaire?developed by Karl AlbrechtAt the end of the research, it has been concluded that the performances of private primaryeducation schools have been better than those of public primary education schools from the aspectof organisational Intelligence evaluated in the dimensions of strategic vision, shared fate, appetitefor change, heart, alignment and congruence, klowledge deployment and performance pressure onthe basis of meaningful differences between the opinions of public primary education schools andprivate primary education institions according to the mean points of dimensions.It has been conducted that there is a significant difference between all dimensions organizationalintelligence apart from the shared fate dimension of organizational intelligence according to thevariable of position at school. I has been viewed that school directors has more positive opinion bycomparison with the teachers. It has been conducted that variable of sex has no effect on workersperceptions of organizational intelligence. Studying on the perception of organizationalintelligence relating to the level of education, the higher the level of education is, the lower thelevel of positive opinion is. It has been found out that comparing with the other workers; teacherswith 21 year and more experience of teaching have expressed more positive opinion in alldimensions of organizational intelligence. It has been conducted that the workers thinking thattheir school?s management style is democratic has more positive opinion of organizationalintelligence in all dimensions in comparison with the ones with view their school?s managementstyle is autocratic. The workers spending most of their lives in southeastern region of Anatolia hasmore positive opinion of organizational intelligence in all dimensions by comparison with the onesspending their lives in others regions of it.Keywords

Sapan Gözlem ile Yapısal Kırılma Noktası İlişkisi ve Bunun Bayesyen Otoregresif Süreçle Tespiti

In time series, structural break point can be considered as Level Shift, one type of aberrant observation. Types of aberrant observations, especially Level Shift, and Bayesian autoregressive process are mentioned in the study. In this extent, the ability of finding Level Shift with Bayesian Autoregressive process is also demonstrated on real data.Yapısal kırılma noktası, zaman serilerinde sapan gözlem türlerinden biri olan seviye kayması (Level Shift) olarak düşünülebilir. Çalışmada sapan gözlem türlerinden özellikle seviye kayması ve Bayesyen otoregresif sürece kısaca değinilmiştir. Bu kapsamda seviye kaymasının Bayesyen otoregresif süreçle de bulunabildiği bir seri üzerinde gösterilmiştir

Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Their Correlation with Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, mide karsinomları ile bunların lenf nodu metastazlarında siklooksijenaz-2 (COX-2) ve vasküler endotelyal büyüme (growth) faktörü (VEGF) immün reaktivitelerini belirlemek, bunların anjiyogenezle ve histopatolojik prognostik parametrelerle olan ilişkisini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Otuz üç gastrik karsinom olgusunda immünhistokimyasal yöntemlerle COX-2, VEGF ekspresyonu ve CD34 ile belirlenen mikrodamar dansitesi (MVD) derecesi incelendi.Bulgular: COX-2 ile normal mukoza %96,9, karsinom grubu %87,8 oranında pozitif boyandı. Tümördeki COX-2 boyanma derecesi ile mukozadaki COX-2 boyanma derecesi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark izlenmedi. Damar invazyonu pozitif olguların COX-2 ile lenf nodu boyanma derecesi anlamlı olarak daha yüksek idi (p<0,01). VEGF ile normal mukoza %100, karsinom grubu %93,9 oranında pozitif boyandı. Normal mukoza karsinom grubuna kıyasla VEGF ile anlamlı olarak daha yüksek oranda pozitiflik gösterdi (p=0,05). MVD derecesi tümöre kıyasla mukozada daha fazla idi (p<0,01). Kötü diferansiye karsinomlar, iyi ve orta derecede diferansiye karsinomlara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek MVD derecesine sahipti (p<0,05). Tümörde ve metastatik lenf nodlarında COX-2 ve VEGF ekspresyonu ile MVD derecesi arasında herhangi bir ilişki tespit edilmedi. COX-2, VEGF ve MVD derecesinin klinikopatolojik parametrelerle ilişkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı.Sonuç: Bu bulgulara göre gastrik karsinomlarda MVD derecesi artarken, tümör diferansiasyonu azalıyor olabilir, fakat COX-2 ve VEGF'nin gastrik karsinom gelişimindeki rolü henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. COX-2, VEGF ve MVD derecesinin gastrik karsinogenezis sürecindeki yerini tam olarak açığa kavuşturabilmek için daha geniş serilerle ileri çalışmalara gereksinim vardır.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric carcinomas and lymph node metastasis and their relationship with angiogenesis and prognostic histopathological parameters.Materials and Methods: COX-2 and VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) grade identified by antibodies against CD34 were investigated immunohistochemically in 33 patients with gastric carcinoma. Results: The expression of COX-2 was 96.9% in normal mucosa and 87.8% in gastric carcinoma. Although COX-2 expression in mucosa was higher than in carcinoma, the difference was not statistically significant. The COX-2 positivity rates in lymph nodes were significantly higher in patients with vascular invasion (p&lt;0.01). The expression of VEGF was 100% in normal mucosa and 93.9% in gastric carcinoma. VEGF levels in mucosa were significantly higher than in carcinoma (p=0.05). MVD grade in mucosa was significantly higher than in gastric carcinoma (p&lt;0.01). MVD values were significantly higher in poorly differentiated carcinomas than in well and moderately differentiated carcinomas (p&lt;0.05). There was no association between COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade in tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. There was no correlation of clinicopathological parameters with COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the MVD in gastric carcinoma may correlate with tumor grade, but the precise roles of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancers are not yet fully understood. Further studies with large series are needed to clarify the importance of COX-2, VEGF and MVD in cancer progression

Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Their Correlation with Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric carcinomas and lymph node metastasis and their relationship with angiogenesis and prognostic histopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: COX-2 and VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) grade identified by antibodies against CD34 were investigated immunohistochemically in 33 patients with gastric carcinoma. Results: The expression of COX-2 was 96.9% in normal mucosa and 87.8% in gastric carcinoma. Although COX-2 expression in mucosa was higher than in carcinoma, the difference was not statistically significant. The COX-2 positivity rates in lymph nodes were significantly higher in patients with vascular invasion (p<0.01). The expression of VEGF was 100% in normal mucosa and 93.9% in gastric carcinoma. VEGF levels in mucosa were significantly higher than in carcinoma (p=0.05). MVD grade in mucosa was significantly higher than in gastric carcinoma (p<0.01). MVD values were significantly higher in poorly differentiated carcinomas than in well and moderately differentiated carcinomas (p<0.05). There was no association between COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade in tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. There was no correlation of clinicopathological parameters with COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the MVD in gastric carcinoma may correlate with tumor grade, but the precise roles of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancers are not yet fully understood. Further studies with large series are needed to clarify the importance of COX-2, VEGF and MVD in cancer progression

Effect of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Antagonist Eritoran on Retinochoroidal Inflammatory Damage in a Rat Model of Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation

Purpose. We investigated the effect of eritoran, a Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, on retinochoroidal inflammatory damage in an endotoxin-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods. Endotoxin-induced inflammatory model was obtained by intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Group 1 had control rats; in groups 2-3 LPS and 0.5 mg/kg sterile saline were injected; and in groups 4-5 LPS and 0.5 mg/kg eritoran were injected. Blood samples were taken and eyes were enucleated after 12 hours (h) (groups 2 and 4) or 24 hours (Groups 3 and 5). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and retinochoroidal tissue and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) levels in retinochoroidal tissue were determined. Histopathological examination was performed and retinochoroidal changes were scored. Results. Eritoran treatment resulted in lower levels of TNF-α, MDA, and NFκB after 12 h which became significant after 24 h. Serum TNF-α and retinochoroidal tissue NFκB levels were similar to control animals at the 24th h of the study. Eritoran significantly reversed histopathological damage after 24 h. Conclusions. Eritoran treatment resulted in less inflammatory damage in terms of serum and retinochoroidal tissue parameters

Evaluation of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease: Preliminary results from the Turk-UIP study

OBJECTIVE: Differential diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is important among fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). This study aimed to evaluate the rate of IPF in patients with fibrotic ILD and to determine the clinical-laboratory features of patients with and without IPF that would provide the differential diagnosis of IPF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included the patients with the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern or possible UIP pattern on thorax high-resolution computed tomography, and/or UIP pattern, probable UIP or possible UIP pattern at lung biopsy according to the 2011 ATS/ERSARS/ALAT guidelines. Demographics and clinical and radiological data of the patients were recorded. All data recorded by researchers was evaluated by radiology and the clinical decision board. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients (253 men, 83 women, age 65.8 +/- 9.0 years) were evaluated. Of the patients with sufficient data for diag-nosis (n=300), the diagnosis was IPF in 121 (40.3%), unclassified idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 50 (16.7%), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) in 40 (13.3%), and lung involvement of connective tissue disease (CTD) in 16 (5.3%). When 29 patients with definite IPF features were added to the patients with CPFE, the total number of IPF patients reached 150 (50%). Rate of male sex (p<0.001), smoking history (p<0.001), and the presence of clubbing (p=0.001) were significantly high in patients with IPE None of the women <50 years and none of the men <50 years of age without a smoking history were diagnosed with IPE Presence of at least 1 of the symptoms suggestive of CTD, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and antinuclear antibody (FANA) positivity rates were significantly higher in the non-IPF group (p<0.001, p=0.029, p=0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of IPF among patients with fibrotic ILD was 50%. In the differential diagnosis of IPF, sex, smoking habits, and the presence of clubbing are important. The presence of symptoms related to CTD, ESR elevation, and EANA positivity reduce the likelihood of IPF