Europeisering av kulturarvet : en fallstudie av det sydsvenska museet Kulturen

In addressing a theoretical discussion about cultural heritage and the process of Europe-anization, this thesis deals with how the two of them are linked and how European values come to affect the perception of a common European heritage. It further shows the dynamic interaction between local cultural actors, cross-border networking and the European Union’s cultural policy within the multifaceted dimensions of Europeanization. Cultural heritage, in the shape of artefacts, traditions, creations or craft on the one hand represents a historical past. On the other hand, it is also a reflection of today’s society in how it is exhibited and presented. Through a case study of a local Swedish museum, comprising qualitative interviews with museum curators and a visual analysis of the exhibitions, this thesis investigates to what extent the museum’s practices and display of cultural heritage are influenced by the ongoing process of Europeanization. Analysing values and visions, the selection of exhibitions and the art of storytelling, among other things, the conclusions compound that implicit and explicit notions of Europeanization of the cultural heritage can be found within the local museum’s operational work

Device-measured sedentary time in Norwegian children and adolescents in the era of ubiquitous internet access: secular changes between 2005, 2011 and 2018

Background: Access to screen-based media has been revolutionized during the past two decades. How this has affected sedentary time (ST) accumulation in children is poorly understood. Methods: This study, based on the Physical Activity among Norwegian Children Study (PANCS), uses accelerometer data from population-based samples of 9- and 15‐year-olds, collected in 2005 (n = 1722), 2011 (n = 1587) and 2018 (n = 1859). Secular changes between surveys were analysed using random-effects linear regression models adjusted for survey-specific factors. Data on ST were collected using hip-worn ActiGraphs and ST was defined using a threshold equivalent to <100 counts/min. Sedentary bouts were grouped by duration: <1, 1–5, 5–15, 15–30 and ≥30 min. Results: Between 2005 and 2018, ST increased by 29 min/day in 9-year-old boys (95% CI: 19, 39; P <0.001), by 21 min/day in 15-year-old boys (95% CI: 8, 34; P = 0.002) and by 22 min/day in 15-year-old girls (95% CI: 10, 35; P <0.001), but not in 9-year-old girls at 6 min/day (95% CI: -3, 16; P = 0.191). All age-sex groups accumulated less ST in bouts lasting <5 min and more ST in longer bouts, particularly in 5–15-min bouts. Adolescent girls also increased ST accumulation in 15–30-min and ≥30-min bouts. Changes were largely mirrored before, during and after school on weekdays and during weekend days. Conclusions: Coinciding with the introduction of smartphones, tablets and near-universal internet access, total daily ST and ST accumulated in prolonged sedentary bouts increased between 2005 and 2018 in children and adolescents.Device-measured sedentary time in Norwegian children and adolescents in the era of ubiquitous internet access: secular changes between 2005, 2011 and 2018publishedVersionPaid Open Acces

Aerobic fitness mediates the intervention effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on academic performance. The school in Motion study – A cluster randomized controlled trial

publishedVersio

The effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength : the School in Motion cluster randomized trial

Background: Physical activity (PA) declines throughout adolescence, therefore PA promotion during this period is important. We analyzed the effect of two school-based PA interventions on daily PA levels, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength among adolescents. Methods: For the nine-month School in Motion intervention study (ScIM), we cluster-randomized 30 Norwegian secondary schools (N = 2084, mean age [SD] = 14 [0.3] years) to one of three study arms. The physically active learning (PAL) intervention included 30 min physically active learning, 30 min PA and a 60 min physical education (PE) lesson per week. The Don’t worry-Be happy (DWBH) intervention included a 60 min PA lesson and a 60 min PE lesson per week, both tailored to promote friendships and wellbeing. Both intervention arms were designed to engage the adolescents in 120 min of PA per week in addition to recess and mandatory PE lessons. The control group continued as per usual, including the standard amount of mandatory PE. PA (main outcome) was assessed by accelerometers, CRF and muscle strength (secondary outcomes) were assessed by an intermittent running test and selected tests from the Eurofit test battery. Results: Daily PA and time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) decreased in all groups throughout the intervention. The mean difference in PA level and MVPA for participants in the PAL-intervention arm was 34.7 cpm (95% CI: 4.1, 65.3) and 4.7 min/day (95% CI: 0.6, 8.8) higher, respectively, compared to the control arm. There were no significant intervention effects on daily PA level, MVPA or time spent sedentary for adolescents in the DWBH-intervention arm. Adolescents in the PAL-intervention arm increased distance covered in the running test compared to controls (19.8 m, 95% CI: 10.4, 29.1), whilst a negative intervention effect was observed among adolescents in the DWBH-intervention arm (− 11.6 m, 95% CI: − 22.0, − 1.1). Conclusion: The PAL-intervention resulted in a significantly smaller decrease in daily PA level, time spent in MVPA, and increased CRF compared to controls. Our results indicate that a teacher-led intervention, including three unique intervention components, is effective in curbing the decline in PA observed across our cohort and improving CRF.publishedVersio

Aerobic fitness mediates the intervention effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on academic performance. The school in Motion study - A cluster randomized controlled trial.

Little information exists on the mechanism of how physical activity interventions effects academic performance. We examined whether the effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on academic performance were mediated by aerobic fitness. The School in Motion study was a nine-month cluster randomized controlled trial between September 2017 and June 2018. Students from 30 Norwegian lower secondary schools (N = 2,084, mean age [SD] = 14 [0.3] years) were randomly assigned into three groups: the Physically Active Learning (PAL) intervention (n = 10), the Don't Worry-Be Happy (DWBH) intervention (n = 10), or control (n = 10). Aerobic fitness was assessed by the Andersen test and academic performance by national tests in reading and numeracy. Mediation was assessed according to the causal steps approach using linear mixed models. In the PAL intervention, aerobic fitness partially mediated the intervention effect on numeracy by 28% from a total effect of 1.73 points (95% CI: 1.13 to 2.33) to a natural direct effect of 1.24 points (95% CI: 0.58 to 1.91), and fully mediated the intervention effect on reading, with the total effect of 0.89 points (95% CI: 0.15 to 1.62) reduced to the natural direct effect of 0.40 points (95% CI: -0.48 to 1.28). Aerobic fitness did not mediate the effects on academic performance in the DWBH intervention. As aerobic fitness mediated the intervention effect on academic performance in one intervention, physical activity of an intensity that increases aerobic fitness is one strategy to improve academic performance among adolescents.Medical Research Council (grant number MC_UU_00006/5)

Klimatmärkt livsmedelsbutik

Klimathotet påkallar stora förändringar i konsumtionsmönster och kostvanor. Projektet Klimatmärkt livsmedelsbutik har haft som syfte att utreda hur handeln kan bidra till minskad klimatpåverkan genom att underlätta konsumentens val. Förutom klimatpåverkan orsakar livsmedelsproduktionen också annan miljöpåverkan, såsom övergödning, spridning av bekämpningsmedel och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Att bara fokusera på klimatet riskerar förbättring på ett ställe och försämring på ett annat. Därför beslutades tidigt att projektet även måste belysa dessa potentiella målkonflikter. Två delområden har ingått; miljökonsekvensanalyser samt konsumentbeteende och marknadskommunikation, vilket har krävt en tvärvetenskaplig ansats och olika forskningsmetoder. Projektet tog sin början i miljökonsekvensanalyser av olika livsmedels miljöpåverkan med hjälp av livscykelanalys, vars resultat sedan utgjorde informationsunderlag, bl.a en Köttguide, för kommunikationen till konsument. Inom konsumentbeteende och marknadskommunikation har såväl kvalitativ som kvantitativ metod använts. För att få en bild över vad som kommuniceras i butik genomfördes intervjuer med butiksansvariga och en observationsstudie i 30 större europeiska butiker. Enkätundersökningar gjordes med 184 resp. 470 konsumenter. Köttguiden testades i fokusgruppintervjuer. Kvantitativa studier gjordes med 222 slumpvis utvalda personer för att utreda hur intentionen att ändra sin köttkonsumtion kan förutsägas och med drygt 600 konsumenter i ett butiksexperiment för att studera effekten av naturljud på konsumenters betalningsvilja för klimatvänliga respektive ekologiska grönsaker. Resultat från konsumentstudierna visade på viss förvirring kring märkning och på behovet av ett enklare signalsystem. De vanligaste svaren kring vilka klimatåtgärder som är viktigast var att köpa närproducerad mat, köpa frukt och grönt efter säsong och undvika att slänga mat, medan den viktiga frågan om köttet hamnade längre ner på listan. Livscykelanalyser, kompletterade med litteraturstudier, visar att säsongsmässig konsumtion av grönsaker visserligen kan minska utsläppen, men att den minskningen är liten i förhållande till den av minskad köttkonsumtionen. Den viktigaste åtgärden för att reducera matens klimatpåverkan är att minska konsumtionen av animaliska produkter och helst ersätta dessa med vegetabiliska alternativ. Butiksobservationerna och intervjuer med butiksansvariga visade att det i stort sett saknades vägledning i butikerna. Studierna underströk behovet av Köttguiden, en vägledning som rangordnar olika proteinkällor (även vegetabiliska) i förhållande till klimat, biologisk mångfald, kemiska bekämpningsmedel samt djurskydd och bete, med hjälp av ett tydligt signalsystem (trafikljus). Matinköp och val av livsmedel styrs i stor utsträckning av preferenser och vanor, som kan vara svåra att förändra. För att övertyga konsumenter om att förändra sitt beteende måste man kommunicera budskap som bidrar till ökad motivation till förändring.. Med hjälp av Protection Motivation- teorin undersöktes vilka faktorer som förutsäger individers avsikter att ändra sitt beteende, efter att de blivit fakta kring klimathotet och matens klimatpåverkan har presenterats för dem. Studien visade att budskap i syfte att uppmuntra en mindre klimatbelastande livsmedelskonsumtion, måste vara sådana att konsumenterna känner att en sådan förändring är möjlig och att den får effekt. Resultaten tyder också på att människor bryr sig mer om klimatförändringarnas risker för andra - för personer i andra länder eller för djurlivet – än för dem själva eller deras närstående. En slutsats blir då att altruistiska snarare än egoistiska argument bör lyftas fram i marknadsföringen. I ett butiksexperiment användes skyltning och naturljud – fågelsång-, för att testa om detta gav en koppling till naturen och därmed ökade viljan att köpa produkter, i detta fall morötter, märkta ”klimatvänliga”. Fågelsången hade ingen inverkan på konsumenternas koppling till naturen. Men bland de konsumenter som uttryckte en hög samhörighet med naturen, fanns det en högre betalningsvilja för klimatmärkta produkter än för produkter utan märkning, jämfört med de konsumenter som uttryckte en låg samhörighet med naturen. När konsumenterna, i ett butiksexperiment med mjölk, erbjöds information om en varas lägre klimatpåverkan på ett enkelt sätt precis vid köptillfället ökade försäljningen av den varan, men samtidigt minskade försäljningen av andra miljömärkta varor. Klimatbudskapen är komplicerade och konsumenten har oklara uppfattningar om hur maten påverkar klimatet. Budskapen och valen i butik måste vara enkla: Att fokusera på det som konsumenten tror sig klara av och som de tror kan få effekt, är viktigt. Köttguiden har rönt stor uppmärksamhet och testats med positivt resultat som ett hjälpmedel för klimatsmarta matval. Rekommendationerna till handeln kan sammanfattas: Gör det enkelt att välja och laga vegetariskt, använd Köttguiden bland personalen, se över köttsortimentet, öka försäljningen av baljväxter, rotfrukter, frukt och grönsaker och använd ekologiskt, säsong och hälsa som indirekta klimatbudskap

Does objectively measured physical activity modify the association between early weight gain and fat mass in young adulthood?

BACKGROUND: Substantial evidence suggests that weight gain in early life is associated with increased adiposity and other metabolic disorders later in life. It is, however, unknown whether physical activity (PA) may modify these associations. We aimed to examine whether objectively measured PA at 30 years modified the associations between conditional weight gain in infancy (0-2 y) and childhood (2-4 y) with fat mass index (FMI) and visceral abdominal fat measured at age 30 years. METHODS: Prospective birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil, including 1874 participants with weight data at birth, two and four years of age, and measures of FMI, visceral abdominal fat and PA at a mean age of 30.2 years. At age 30, time spent (min/day) in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured objectively using a wrist-worn accelerometer worn for four to seven consecutive days.. Multiple linear regression analyses was performed to assess the associations between conditional weight gain and outcome variables at 30 years, adjusting for covariates. We examined whether PA modified the association between conditional weight gain and the outcomes of interest by introducing an interaction term (conditional weight gain × PA) in the models. RESULTS: Conditional weight gain in infancy and childhood were both positively associated with later FMI (infancy weight gain: β = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.88; P < 0.001; childhood weight gain: β = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.11; P < 0.001). A formal test for interaction suggested that MVPA at 30 years of age modified the association between childhood relative weight gain and later FMI (β = -0.006, 95% CI: -0.011, -0.001; P = 0.029), suggesting stronger associations between weight gain and FMI in those with lower levels of MVPA. Conditional weight gain in childhood was also positively associated with visceral abdominal fat (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.15, 0424, P < 0.001). There was no evidence for a modification of the latter association after adjustment for physical activity. CONCLUSION: Conditional weight gain between 2 and 4 years of age is associated with increased FMI at age 30 years. However, higher levels of MVPA appear to attenuate this detrimental association.This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 095582 – New Investigator Award)

Birth weight, cardiometabolic risk factors and effect modification of physical activity in children and adolescents : pooled data from 12 international studies

Objectives: Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Methods: We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA). Results: Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028). Conclusion: MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.publishedVersio

Substituting prolonged sedentary time and cardiovascular risk in children and youth: a meta-analysis within the International Children's Accelerometry database (ICAD).

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the association between sitting for extended periods (i.e. prolonged sedentary time (PST)) and cardio-metabolic health is inconsistent in children. We aimed to estimate the differences in cardio-metabolic health associated with substituting PST with non-prolonged sedentary time (non-PST), light (LIPA) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 14 studies (7 countries) in the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD, 1998-2009) was included. Accelerometry in 19,502 participants aged 3-18 years, together with covariate and outcome data, was pooled and harmonized. Iso-temporal substitution in linear regression models provided beta coefficients (95%CI) for substitution of 1 h/day PST (sedentary time accumulated in bouts > 15 min) with non-PST, LIPA or MVPA, for each study, which were meta-analysed. RESULTS: Modelling substitution of 1 h/day of PST with non-PST suggested reductions in standardized BMI, but estimates were > 7-fold greater for substitution with MVPA (- 0.44 (- 0.62; - 0.26) SD units). Only reallocation by MVPA was beneficial for waist circumference (- 3.07 (- 4.47; - 1.68) cm), systolic blood pressure (- 1.53 (- 2.42; - 0.65) mmHg) and clustered cardio-metabolic risk (- 0.18 (- 0.3; - 0.1) SD units). For HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure, substitution with LIPA was beneficial; however, substitution with MVPA showed 5-fold stronger effect estimates (HDL-cholesterol: 0.05 (0.01; 0.10) mmol/l); diastolic blood pressure: - 0.81 (- 1.38; - 0.24) mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of PST with MVPA may be the preferred scenario for behaviour change, given beneficial associations with a wide range of cardio-metabolic risk factors (including adiposity, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure and clustered cardio-metabolic risk). Effect estimates are clinically relevant (e.g. an estimated reduction in waist circumference of ≈1.5 cm for 30 min/day replacement). Replacement with LIPA could be beneficial for some of these risk factors, however with substantially lower effect estimates.This work was supported by the National Prevention Research Initiative [grant number: G0701877] (http://www.mrc.ac.uk/research/initiatives/national-prevention-research-initiative-npri/). The funding partners relevant to this award are: British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research UK; Department of Health; Diabetes UK; Economic and Social Research Council; Medical Research Council; Research and Development Office for the Northern Ireland Health and Social Services; Chief Scientist Office; Scottish Executive Health Department; The Stroke Association; Welsh Assembly Government and World Cancer Research Fund. This work was additionally supported by the Medical Research Council [grant numbers MC_UU_12015/3, MC_UU_12015/7], The Research Council of Norway [grant number 249932/F20], Bristol University, Loughborough University and Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. We also gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Prof Chris Riddoch, Prof Ken Judge, Prof Ashley Cooper and Dr Pippa Griew to the development of ICAD. This work was further supported by a British Heart Foundation Intermediate Basic Science Research Fellowship [grant number FS/12/58/29709]