PEMBUATAN GLISEROL TRIBENZOAT DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI OLEH ASAM KLORIDA DAN ASAM SULFAT

Esterification is one method that is often used in converting glycerol. Glycerol tribenzoate is a derivative product of glycerol which used as a plasticizer for polymer industry, food additives, water repellent material on printer ink, and many more. This research aims to study the making of glycerol tribenzoate through esterification process by using natural zeolit catalyst which is activated with hydrochloric acid, in order to obtain the optimum catalyst % weight (w/w glycerol), and also to see the potential of recycling the zeolit. Zeolit is activated by  4M for 6 hours, and then calcined in the furnace at 500 oC for 5 hours. Then continued to esterification process, glycerol 90% reacted with benzoic acid which dissolved in metanol, with mole ratio of benzoic acid and glycerol at 3,5:1, reaction temperature at 65 oC, and the stirrer speed of 200 rpm, the catalyst % weight  is varied at 5 %, 6%, 7%, and 8%, and catalyst recycling is performed 3 times. FTIR characterization result a close match, shows that the product is glycerol tribenzoate. The highest yield of zeolite which activated by HCl is obtained at 6% catalyst % weight i.e 68,992%, while zeolite that activated by H2SO4 is obtained at 8% catalyst % weight i.e 69,678%,  H- zeolit catalyst is still feasible to use up to 3 times recycling, with percent of yield reduction for each recycle is ≤ 8%

Removal of Cd2+ from Artificial Waste Using Natural Zeolite: Study on Adsorption Equilibrium

This study reports the removal of cadmium ions in an aqueous solution as the artificial waste using natural zeolite as the adsorbent. Natural zeolite was characterized by using XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis. The XRD results show that the natural zeolite derived from Klaten, Jawa Tengah, is mordenite type, and the XRF results show that Si/Al ratio is 5.69 (medium). A batch adsorption method is carried out at room temperature varied adsorbent dose. Equilibrium of adsorption data was analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The values of the parameters constants for the Langmuir equation were qmax =-2.301 mg/g and KL =-1.00067 while the Freundlich equation were Kf = 3.999 and n = 0.845. It was found that the Freundlich adsorption model is better than the Langmuir isotherm model with a high coefficient of determination. In this study, the removal efficiency for Cd2+ was 99.4 for an adsorbent dose of 70 g/L. It can be concluded that the natural zeolite of mordenite type is a very potential adsorbent for the removal of Cd2+ . Therefore, the utilization of zeolite should be encouraged on a larger scale, especially in environmental applications. © 2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerlan