Joint admission and association in vehicular networks

Abstract. To support vehicle to everything (V2X) communication which is an integral part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), fifth generation (5G) communication systems will need to employ diverse range of technologies, which will ultimately lead to automated driving, improved traffic safety, improved traffic efficiency and infotainment.~V2X is considered as one of the most challenging applications of 5G, because it requires ultra reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) for safety critical applications and high data rates in many scenarios under mobility. Vehicles which can communicate with a base station or road side unit (RSU) are primary vehicles, which can act as relays to secondary vehicles which are out of coverage from the network. Therefore vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication are employed to provide coverage for out of coverage vehicles. In this study joint problem of admission control for primary vehicles and user association for secondary vehicles in a singe cell downlink vehicular network is considered. The objective is to maximize the number of admitted primary vehicles, while associating all secondary vehicles. We consider the underlying communication system is based on millimeter wave communication at 60 GHz and we cast the optimization problem as an ℓ₀ minimization problem. This problem is known to be combinatorial and NP-hard. Hence, we propose a sub optimal, two stage algorithm to solve it. We compare the performance of proposed algorithm against the exhaustive search algorithm. From simulation results it can be observed, although the proposed algorithm is a sub optimal algorithm it gives optimal performance with improved efficiency. Hence, the proposed algorithm is able to determine the optimal association for vehicles which are out of coverage and optimal admission for vehicles which are in coverage

State Based Determinants of Inward FDI Flow in the US Economy

Inward foreign direct investment (FDI) represents an integral part of the US economy. The flow of international capital has been a key factor expanding economy. The inward US FDI constitutes important factor contributing to output growth in the US economy. This paper investigates factors affecting the inward FDI flow among fifty states of the United States. The analysis uses annual data for the period from 1997 to 2007. The study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI and investigates the changes in their importance during the study period. Our results show that among the major determinants, the real per capita income, real per capita expenditure on education, FDI related employment, research and development expenditure, and capital expenditure are found to have a significant positive impact on FDI inflows. There is also evidence that the share of scientists and engineers in the workforce exerts a small positive impact on inward FDI flow. In addition, per capita state taxes, unit labor cost, manufacturing density, unionization, and unemployment rate exert a negative impact on FDI inflows

How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Growth in Developing Countries? An Empirical Investigation

This paper analyzes the effects of foreign direct investment on the economic growth of developing countries. The study uses annual data on a group of 85 developing countries covering Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1980-2007. We explore the hypothesis that foreign direct investment can promote growth in developing countries. We test this hypothesis using panel data series for foreign direct investment, while accounting for regional differences in Asian, African, Latin American, and the Caribbean countries as well as the differences in income levels. While the findings of previous studies are generally mixed, our results indicate that foreign direct investment has positive and significant effect on economic growth

The U.S. Intra-Industry Trade with Caribbean Countries

This paper aims to measure the level of intra-industry trade with special focus on vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade (IIT) in United State\u27s foreign trade with Caribbean countries. One of the main findings is that the observed increase in intra-industry trade between the United States and Caribbean is almost entirely due to two-way trade in vertical differentiation. The second important finding is that the level of per capita income, trade intensity, product differentiation, industry size, and product quality differences are found to affect the shares of all three types of IIT positively

An Analysis of the Intra-Regional Trade in the Middle East and North Africa Region

This paper analyzes the intra-regional trade and investment flows in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using an augmented gravity model applied to panel data. The study uses annual trade and investment data for the period 1980-2006. There is a growing awareness among countries in the MENA region regarding the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment for stimulating growth and integrating into the world economy. The research will attempt to achieve the following objectives: (a) analyze the intra-regional trade and investment flows in the MENA region; (b) identify the major determinants of trade and investment flows in the MENA region using an augmented gravity model applied to panel data; and (c) measure the effect of preferential trading arrangements in the region on members’ trade and investment with other MENA countries

Inbound International Tourism to the United States: a Panel Data Analysis

The objective of this paper is to analyze the demand for tourist arrivals to the United States, using the panel cointegration technique. The study attempts to identify and measure the impact of the main determinants of inbound international tourism flows to the United States. The study uses annual data from 1986 to 2011 for tourist arrivals from 50 major countries of tourist origin. The specified model includes several country-specific determinants. The panel unit root tests indicate all the variables are integrated of order one. The panel cointegration tests show that all seven test statistics reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration at the 1% significance level, indicating that the five variables are cointegrated. The results suggest that tourism demand to the United States must be considered as a luxury good and is highly dependent on the evolution of relative prices and cost of travel between origin and destination country. The results also show that tourism demand is elastic with respect to income but inelastic with respect to tourism price, real exchange rate, and travel costs

Intra-Industry Specialization and Trade Expansion in U.S. Trade with the Free Trade Areas of the Americas (FTAA)

This paper aims to explain the extent of vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade (IIT) in United State\u27s foreign trade with the other 33 members of the Free Trade Areas of the Americas (FTAA). It also attempts to identify the country- and industry-specific determinants of vertical and horizontal IIT. This study uses detailed trade data at the 10-digit Harmonized System (HS) industry level and covers a longer and more recent period, 1990 through 2005. The Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade index is used to calculate the intensity of these two types of intra-industry trade. One of the main findings is that, with the exception of Canada and Mexico, the U.S. trade patterns with the rest of the FTAA partners are dominated by one-way trade. Another main finding is that the observed increase in intra-industry trade between the U.S. and FTAA is almost entirely due to two-way trade in vertical differentiation. Among the country-specific determinants, the level of per capita income and trade intensity are found to affect the shares of all three types of IIT positively while difference in per capita income, difference in economic size, distance, difference in factor endowment, and trade imbalances are found to affect the share of all three types of IIT negatively. Among the industry-specific variables, product differentiation, vertical product differentiation, industry size, and product quality differences are found to have a positive effect on all three types of IIT shares. Industry concentration is found to have a negative and statistically significant effect on all three types of IIT share

The Real Exchange Rate Volatility and U.S. Exports: An Empirical Investigation

This paper investigates effects of exchange rate volatility on U.S. exports, using disaggregated sectoral data on U.S. exports to its major trading partners. In this paper, we use a generalized ARCH-type model (GARCH) to generate a measure of exchange rate volatility which is then tested in a model of U.S. exports. The analysis uses monthly trade data for the period from January 1990 through December 2007. Testing sectoral trade data allows us to detect whether the direction or magnitude of the impact of volatility differs depending on the types of goods that are traded. The results obtained in this paper suggest that the increase in the volatility of exchange rate exert a negative effect upon export demand in majority of the products: the study finds evidence for significant negative effects in six of ten export products, and significant positive effects in four products