RAPID REPORTS Population and social conditions. Pupils and students in the Community in 1990/91. 1993.9

<div><p>It is known that the macronutrient content of a meal has different impacts on the postprandial satiety and appetite hormonal responses. Whether obesity interacts with such nutrient-dependent responses is not well characterized. We examined the postprandial appetite and satiety hormonal responses after a high-protein (HP), high-carbohydrate (HC), or high-fat (HF) mixed meal. This was a randomized cross-over study of 9 lean insulin-sensitive (mean±SEM HOMA-IR 0.83±0.10) and 9 obese insulin-resistant (HOMA-IR 4.34±0.41) young (age 21–40 years), normoglycaemic Chinese men. We measured fasting and postprandial plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total peptide-YY (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin in response to HP, HF, or HC meals. Overall postprandial plasma insulin response was more robust in the lean compared to obese subjects. The postprandial GLP-1 response after HF or HP meal was higher than HC meal in both lean and obese subjects. In obese subjects, HF meal induced higher response in postprandial PYY compared to HC meal. HP and HF meals also suppressed ghrelin greater compared to HC meal in the obese than lean subjects. In conclusion, a high-protein or high-fat meal induces a more favorable postprandial satiety and appetite hormonal response than a high-carbohydrate meal in obese insulin-resistant subjects.</p></div

Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) over 6 hours for plasma glucose, insulin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin after ingestion of high-protein (HP), high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) meal.

<p>Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) over 6 hours for plasma glucose, insulin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin after ingestion of high-protein (HP), high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) meal.</p

Percentage change in plasma ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 over 6-hour after high-protein (HP), high-fat (HF), or high-carbohydrate (HC) meal using linear mixed models.

<p>Percentage change in plasma ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 over 6-hour after high-protein (HP), high-fat (HF), or high-carbohydrate (HC) meal using linear mixed models.</p

Baseline anthropometry and fasting plasma biochemistry of study subjects.

<p>Baseline anthropometry and fasting plasma biochemistry of study subjects.</p

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Metabolic gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells reflects obesity-associated metabolic inflexibility

Primers used for SYBR Green Assay and their properties. (XLSX 11 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Metabolic gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells reflects obesity-associated metabolic inflexibility

Expression levels of genes involved in the glycolytic pathway, oxidative metabolism, and fatty acid uptake and metabolism in MNC of obese and lean subjects, in the fasting state (* P < 0.05). (PPTX 89 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Meal rich in carbohydrate, but not protein or fat, reveals adverse immunometabolic responses associated with obesity

Macronutrient composition of the 3 different liquid mixed meals. Table S2. Baseline MNC gene expression and plasma cytokine concentrations. Table S3. Fold changes in MNC gene expression at 2 h and 6 h in lean and obese subjects after consuming 3 meals with different macronutrient composition. Table S4. Changes in plasma concentration of cytokines at 2 h and 6 h in lean and obese subjects after consuming 3 meals with different macronutrient composition. Table S5. Fasting and postprandial plasma concentration of cytokines in lean and obese subjects after consuming 3 meals with different macronutrient composition. (DOCX 57 kb