Specific gravity and antibacterial assays of some synthetic industrial essential oils

Samples of synthetic industrial essential oil (SIEO) were assayed to provide basis for establishing correlation and validation of claims of its density, disinfectant and germicidal properties with its natural counterparts. Specific gravity (SG) and antibacterial assays were carried out on twenty typical SIEO samples that are commonly used in Northern Nigeria. The results show that mean SG was 0.970 with 5% coefficient of variance (CV) between samples and was not statistically significant following Kolmogorov-Smirnov error protection at 95% confidence limit. Antimicrobial activity test results consisting of bioautography and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests present variable effects of the SIEO S. aureus and E. coli but are not completely dependent on each other. Generally, the results of SG determinations for SIEO correspond greatly with SG values of most natural essential oils extracts and that up 70% SIEO showed antibacterial activity. The SIEO studied like their naturalcounterpart may contain certain antibacterial agents with similar effects to standard Chloramphenicol used in this work. However, further studies are required to justify the safety of the application of SIEO as antimicrobial agents. Keywords: synthetic fragrance, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, human healt

Prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia based on gross lesions in cattle at slaughter in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is an important economic disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and manifested by anorexia, fever, dyspnoea, polypnoea, cough and nasal discharges. An eleven years (2006-2016) abattoir-based retrospective data were collated and analysed from Adamawa state Ministry of Livestock Production. Out of 241,700 cattle examined at post-mortem, 8,429 had CBPP-like lesions giving a prevalence of 3.49% (95% CI: 3.41-3.56). The overall prevalence for each local government area were 2.42% (95% CI: 2.35-2.49), 5.53% (95% CI: 5.30-5.74) and 8.97% (95% CI: 8.56-9.41) for Yola, Mubi and Ganye abattoirs respectively. There was significant association (p<0.05) between Local Government Areas and occurrence of CBPP. The annual highest prevalence of 5.75% (95% CI: 5.43-6.09) was recorded in 2010 with 1,128 cases and lowest prevalence of 2.43% (95% CI: 2.23-2.66) was recorded in 2007 with 505 cases. Based on season, highest prevalence rate of 3.85% (95% CI: 3.58-4.14) was recorded in February with 709 cases and lowest prevalence rate of 3.03% (95% CI: 2.80-3.28) was recorded in December with 605 cases. Both annual and monthly prevalence rates varied significantly (p<0.05). It was concluded that CBPP is endemic and widespread in Adamawa state. Hence, we recommend increased funding in the control of the disease, restriction of cattle movement and provision of cattle ranches.Keywords: Adamawa state, Cattle, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Gross lesions, Prevalenc

Vaccination coverage of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is an important, transboundary animal disease of high socio-economic impacts and vaccination has been recommended as one of the preferred option for its control. Twelve years (2006-2017) of data were retrieved from the Ministry of Livestock Production, Adamawa state. The relevant data collated included; estimated annual cattle population, number of cattle vaccinated against CBPP, number of CBPP outbreaks reported, number of mortality due to the disease, number of cattle slaughtered and examined for CBPP lesions and number of cattle with suspected CBPP lesions. The overall vaccination coverage of 4.80% was obtained with the highest vaccination coverage (20.57%) and the lowest vaccination coverage (1.03%) recorded in 2013 and 2015 respectively. A negative and insignificant correlation (r= -0.2346, p> 0.05) was obtained between vaccination coverage and prevalence, whereas correlation between prevalence and reported outbreak of CBPP was positive (r= 0.7381). A total of 76 outbreaks representing an average of 6.33 outbreaks per year and a mortality of 456 were recorded. The highest number of outbreaks (15) was recorded in 2017 whereas the least number of outbreaks (1) was recorded in 2007. The study has established low and irregular vaccination coverage which resulted in increased outbreaks of the disease in the study area. The need for Government to procure CBPP vaccines that is affordable as well as accessible to cattle owners at subsidized rates, increased and compulsory vaccination coverage of 80% for 5 consecutive years and enlightenment of cattle owners through public media on the dangers of the disease was recommended.Keywords: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, outbreak, vaccination coverage, Adamawa stat

Mortality in Sahelian goats in Nigeria

The cause of mortality in sahelian goats was investigated in three local government areas of Borno State (Kukawa, Maiduguri and Mongonu) that are known for high goat production. A total of 150 selected flocks (50 flocks from each of the local government areas) were administered questionnaires through spot visits and interviews of the flock owners. On the whole, 644 (21.8%) goats died between May 1996 and April 1997 out of the 2956 goats in the 150 flocks. Mortality (41.4%) was higher in kids

Improved productivity of goats and utilisation of goat milk in Nigeria

Nigeria, with an estimated total livestock production of 52.4 million, of which goats constitute about 26.5 million, still has inadequate meat and milk production. This review describes the three distinct breeds of goats (Sahel, Red Sokoto, and West African Dwarf) with their traditional husbandry systems. The use of alternative high energy feeds for goats in Nigeria is described. Common disease constraints, helminthiasis, blood borne parasites, contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia, and peste de petit ruminants (PPR), militating against effective goat production in Nigeria are also discussed. Goat meat and milk of the common breeds in Nigeria are important. With the provision of goat breeding and multiplication centres in Nigeria and increased general awareness and consumption of goat milk, the country could strive for self-sufficiency in meat and dairy production

A sustainable laboratory approach for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) monitoring in Nigeria: Comparison between two serological tests in an endemic area complimented with post mortem lesions

A study was carried out to develop a sustainable laboratory approach for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) monitoring using two serological tests and examination of lungs from slaughtered cattle in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 500 lungs from 340 males and 160 females, aged between 1 and 5 years were examined at post-mortem (PM) for pneumonic lesions characteristic of CBPP. Out of this number, 92 (18.4%) showed typical lesions of CBPP. From the 92 lungs of cattle affected with CBPP, 36 (39%) and 56 (61%) were in the acute and chronic stages respectively. In order to determine the serological prevalence of CBPP using dot blot and complement fixation tests (CFT), 150 serum samples were collected from cattle with unaffected lungs, whilst 36 and 56 serum samples were obtained from those with acute and chronic lesions. Of the 150 serum samples from unaffected cattle, dot blot detected more positives 23 (15.3%) than CFT 18 (12.0%). Also dot blot detected more positive cases 35 (97%) and 41 (73.2%) than CFT in the acute and chronic stages of cattle with CBPP, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) CFT serum titres of 35.2, 40.2 and 63.5 from unaffected, acute and chronic stages of disease respectively, indicated a significant (P<0.05) sero-conversion and persistence of antibodies in the chronic stage (GM=63.5) than the other clinical stages. It is concluded that abattoir post mortem surveillance backed with a reliable, affordable and cheap diagnostic test, could improve the detection of this disease in CBPP endemic countries like Nigeria.The Senate of the University of Maidugurihttp://www.academicjournals.org/AJMRmn201

Serological survey and isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides from cattle slaughtered at Katsina state central abattoir, Nigeria

serological survey for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) from cattle slaughtered at Katsina Central Abattoir was conducted from March to October 2012 using competitive ELISA (CIRAD) version: P05410/04 antibody detection kit. A total of 300 cattle sera were screened for Mmm antibodies out of which 22 (7.3%) obtained from 15 (68.2%) cows and 7 (31.8%) bulls were positive. Age distribution indicated that 3 (13.6%) were less than 2 years, 11 (50%) were between 2 and 4 years of age, while 8 (36.4%) were above 4 years. The study confirmed the susceptibility of some cattle breeds from all ages and sexes to Mmm. However, middle-aged cows were shown to be more associated with the infections though not statistically significant (P˃0.01). Similarly, a total of 130 pneumonic lung tissues were used for isolation and biochemical characterization of Mmm out of which 2 (1.5%) samples one each from adult White Fulani and Red Bororo cows were found to be positive. The study established baseline information on the status of Mmm infection in Katsina State. Continuous disease surveillance and annual mass vaccination programme using effective vaccines were recommended

Infection by Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goat herds in the microregions of Cariri in Paraíba State, Brazil Infecção por Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos caprinos leiteiros nas microrregiões do Cariri na Paraíba

<abstract language="por">O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de Mycoplasma agalactiae, com o uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), em 30 rebanhos caprinos leiteiros nas microrregiões do Cariri Ocidental e Oriental do estado da Paraíba. Das 120 amostras de leite testadas, nove (7,5%) apresentaram amplificação de apenas um fragmento com 360pb. As amostras que amplificaram este fragmento estavam presentes em 6/30 (20%) fazendas localizadas nos municípios de Amparo, Santo André e Gurjão