Cicatrices hypertrophiques et chéloides: quelles options thérapeutiques aujourd'hui? [Hypertrophic scars and keloids: which therapeutic options today?]

Hypertrophic scars and keloids are a hyperproliferative response of connective tissue to trauma. Histologically the difference between the two is that keloids invade normal tissue whereas hypertrophic scars remain confined within the original wound. A variety of treatments have been proposed, which we will review according to their efficiency. Prevention of pathological scarring will also be discussed, and we will present our current attitude to treat these scars. As a surgical treatment for keloids, we have been using the intralesional technique which we think gives better results

Principes physiques et application du laser en chirurgie esthétique. [Principles of physics and application of the laser in plastic surgery]

Recent advances in laser technology have expanded the surgeon's possibilities to treat various cutaneous lesions, as well as proposing a new tool for skin rejuvenation. Review of the basic physical principles of laser energy then overview of the different lasers used in plastic surgery as well as some of their clinical applications

L'augmentation mammaire: indications, types de prothèses, techniques opératoires, complications, résultats. [Breast augmentation: indications, types of prostheses, surgical techniques, complications, results]

Augmentation mammaplasty is one of the most frequent surgical procedures in plastic surgery. The indications and techniques are precise and should be closely observed. Silicone gel implants are still used in Europe and multiple epidemiologic studies have failed to demonstrate an association between silicone breast implants and autoimmune disease. After a short historical review, we will present the indications, techniques and complications. As capsular contracture is the main complication, we shall discuss the latest issues. Data was collected on a group of patients using a systematic questionnaire and clinical follow-up. Patients' satisfaction is optimal in the absence of capsular contracture. We are convinced that silicone breast implants have an appropriate texture and give excellent aesthetic results. We are satisfied with silicone breast implants and continue to think that this device has an appropriate texture and gives excellent aesthetic results

Cerebellar and Striatal Implications in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Clinical Observations to Animal Models

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex conditions that stem from a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during early pre- and postnatal childhood. The review focuses on the cerebellum and the striatum, two structures involved in motor, sensory, cognitive and social functions altered in ASD. We summarize clinical and fundamental studies highlighting the importance of these two structures in ASD. We further discuss the relation between cellular and molecular alterations with the observed behavior at the social, cognitive, motor and gait levels. Functional correlates regarding neuronal activity are also detailed wherever possible, and sexual dimorphism is explored pointing to the need to apprehend ASD in both sexes, as findings can be dramatically different at both quantitative and qualitative levels. The review focuses also on a set of three recent papers from our laboratory where we explored motor and gait function in various genetic and environmental ASD animal models. We report that motor and gait behaviors can constitute an early and quantitative window to the disease, as they often correlate with the severity of social impairments and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The review ends with suggestions as to the main obstacles that need to be surpassed before an appropriate management of the disease can be proposed

Chelating properties of permethylated 6(A),6(D)-dideoxy-6(A),6(D)-bis(1-imidazolyl)cyclodextrins towards Pt(II) and Ru(III)

International audienceTwo imidazole-coordinating groups have been successfully grafted onto the C-6A and C-6D positions of permethylated α- and β-cyclodextrin scaffolds. Both water-soluble ligands L1 and L2 turned out to behave as good chelators when reacted with K2PtCl4. In the resulting diamagnetic cis-chelate complexes, the metal cation is pending above the cavity entrance. Paramagnetic ruthenium(III) chelate complexes have also been successfully synthesised from L1 and L2. In these more sterically demanding octahedral complexes, the imidazole groups coordinate the metal centre in a trans-fashion

Quantitative assessment of cell viability and apoptosis in cultured epidermal autografts: application to burn therapy.

Cultured epidermal autografts (CEA) have been used in the treatment of burns for almost two decades but the clinical results are still inconsistent. In a group of 37 patients with extensive burn wounds admitted to the University Hospital of Lausanne, CEA take ranged between 10 and 100% with a mean of 65%. To investigate CEA efficacy in burns, twelve CEA preparations were tested for their biological properties with particular emphasis on the balance between cell viability and apoptosis. Apoptosis was evaluated by in situ end-labeling (TUNEL), detection of DNA fragments in CEA extracts and analysis of caspase-3 activity. All CEA samples displayed a high cell viability (> 90%) and a low apoptosis rate (< 6%). However, several biological parameters including the activity of transglutaminase showed wide interindividual variability suggesting that CEA therapeutic efficacy could be partly determined by intrinsic biological factors

Regioselective Double Capping of Cyclodextrin Scaffolds

International audienceFour different regioselective double capping reactions were applied either to alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin (CD) scaffolds. The first, which relied on the use of a rigid, bulky dialkylating reagent containing two trityl-like subunits, gave access to an A,B,D,E-tetra-functionalised beta-CD regioisomer in large scale reactions. Two further capping reactions, involving the dianions PhP2- and S2-, led to the synthesis of new C-1-symmetrical beta-cyclodextrins in which pairs of neighbouring glucose units are linked by very short spacers. The last double capping reaction described allowed the high-yield preparation of unprecedented alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins containing two sulfate handles. Proximal capping turned out to be favoured for each of the above difunctional reagents. The structural characterisation of the capped species was achieved by thorough NMR investigations as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies

Whole-exome sequence analysis highlights the role of unmasked recessive mutations in copy number variants with incomplete penetrance.

International audienceSeveral hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenotypic variability between parent and offspring carrying the same genomic imbalance, including unmasking of a recessive variant by a chromosomal deletion. Here, 19 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders harboring a rare deletion inherited from a healthy parent were investigated by whole-exome sequencing to search for SNV on the contralateral segment. This strategy allowed us to identify a candidate variant in two patients in the NUP214 and NCOR1 genes. This result demonstrates that the analysis of the genes included in non-deleted contralateral allele is a key point in the etiological investigation of patients harboring a deletion inherited from a parent. Finally, this strategy is also an interesting approach to identify new recessive intellectual disability genes