The Role of DNA Barcodes in Understanding and Conservation of Mammal Diversity in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is recognized as a region of very high biodiversity, much of which is currently at risk due to habitat loss and other threats. However, many aspects of this diversity, even for relatively well-known groups such as mammals, are poorly known, limiting ability to develop conservation plans. This study examines the value of DNA barcodes, sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene, to enhance understanding of mammalian diversity in the region and hence to aid conservation planning.DNA barcodes were obtained from nearly 1900 specimens representing 165 recognized species of bats. All morphologically or acoustically distinct species, based on classical taxonomy, could be discriminated with DNA barcodes except four closely allied species pairs. Many currently recognized species contained multiple barcode lineages, often with deep divergence suggesting unrecognized species. In addition, most widespread species showed substantial genetic differentiation across their distributions. Our results suggest that mammal species richness within the region may be underestimated by at least 50%, and there are higher levels of endemism and greater intra-specific population structure than previously recognized.DNA barcodes can aid conservation and research by assisting field workers in identifying species, by helping taxonomists determine species groups needing more detailed analysis, and by facilitating the recognition of the appropriate units and scales for conservation planning

Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus

Background: Annual movements of tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) are poorly understood. While this species has been considered a regional migrant, some evidence suggests that it may undertake annual latitudinal migrations, similar to other long distance North American migratory bat species. Methodology/Principal Findings: We investigated migration in P. subflavus by conducting stable hydrogen isotope analyses of 184 museum specimen fur samples and comparing these results (dDfur) to published interpolated dD values of collection site growing season precipitation (dDprecip). Results suggest that the male molt period occurred between June 23 and October 16 and 33 % of males collected during the presumed non-molt period were south of their location of fur growth. For the same time period, 16 % of females were south of their location of fur growth and in general, had not travelled as far as migratory males. There were strong correlations between dDfur from the presumed molt period and both growing season dD precip (males – r 2 = 0.86; p,0.01; females – r 2 = 0.75; p,0.01), and latitude of collection (males – r 2 = 0.85; p,0.01; females – r 2 = 0.73; p,0.01). Most migrants were collected at the northern (.40uN; males and females) and southern (,35uN; males only) extents of the species ’ range. Conclusions/Significance: These results indicate a different pattern of migration for this species than previously documented, suggesting that some P. subflavus engage in annual latitudinal migrations and that migratory tendency varie

Systematics of the genus Eumops (Chiroptera, Molossidae)

Volume: 110Start Page: 1End Page: 7

Murina harrisoni Csorba and Bates 2005

<i>Murina harrisoni</i> Csorba and Bates 2005 <p>(Figs. 3a, 4a, 5a, 9, 10, 11; Tables 1, 2; Map Fig. 2a)</p> <p> <i>Murina tiensa</i> Csorba <i>et al</i>. 2007: 3; type locality Kim Hy Nature Reserve, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam.</p> <p> <i>Specimens examined from Laos</i></p> <p>EBD 24974 ♀, 29 March 1998, Nam Khan, Louangphabang, Laos (20°09’N, 103°24’E).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i></p> <p> SMF 53218, 17 June 1977, Ban Tham Tap Tao, SSW of Fang, Chiang Mai, NW Thailand (19°59’N, 99°59’E); CM 88162 Huai Kha Khang, Uthai Thani, Thailand (15°29’N, 99°18’E); ROM 107739 ♂, 107749 ♂, 107750 ♀ 5–6 June 1997, Yok Don National Park, Dak Lak, Vietnam (12°52’N, 107°42’E); ROM 116463 ♀, 116468 ♂ 1–2 May 2005, Shiwandashan National Reserve, Guangxi, China (21°50’N, 107°53’E); MSNG (field number 309), Biapo, Karen State, <i>≈</i> 70 km NE Toungoo, Myanmar (estimated location 19°20’N, 96°40’E).</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> Externally, this is a moderately large species with orange-brown fur that is paler at the base, unlike <i>M. huttoni</i> or <i>M. cyclotis</i> which have darker bases to the fur. The underside is somewhat paler. The interfemoral membrane is extensively covered with orange-brown hairs. At the foot, the membrane inserts on the side of the toe, about half way between the base of the toe and the base of the claw.</p> <p> In cranial profile, the skull of EBD 24974 has a moderate rostral depression with a thick rostrum, closely resembling the holotype of <i>M. harrisoni</i>, though some of the other specimens from Vietnam and China have a thinner rostrum (Fig. 9), more similar to specimens that were referred to <i>M. tiensa</i> by Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2007). In EBD 24974, the upper incisors are in line with each other; the outer incisor is about half the height of the inner one (Fig. 4a). In some of the other specimens the inner incisor is similar in height to the outer, but this appears to be due to wear as the tip of the inner incisor is clearly very worn. The upper premolars are similar in height to each other, about half the height of the canine; the anterior upper molars (M 1 and M 2) have moderately developed mesostyles which are visible in profile, at least on unworn specimens (Fig. 4a), although relatively smaller than in <i>M. huttoni</i>, and the labial side of the teeth is distinctly indented in the middle (Fig. 4a left). The talonid of the anterior lower molars (M 1 and M 2; Fig. 5a) is relatively larger than in <i>M. cyclotis</i> (Fig. 5d), but not as large as in <i>M. huttoni</i> (Fig. 5c).</p> <p> <i>Discussion</i></p> <p> These specimens represent the first published records for this species from Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and China. Our examination of these specimens suggests that <i>M. tiensa</i> is a junior synonym of <i>M. harrisoni</i>.</p> <p> Genetic analyses suggest that all of the specimens we examined are the same species, despite morphological similarities of some to the holotype of <i>M. harrisoni</i> and others to the holotype of <i>M. tiensa</i>. DNA barcode sequences for the Lao specimen are nearly identical to those from the two specimens from China, while the three specimens from Vietnam are the same as each other and differ from the China / Lao specimens by about 4%. These were labelled as <i>Murina</i> JLE sp. F and <i>Murina</i> JLE sp. E respectively in figure 4 of Francis <i>et al</i>. (2010).</p> <p> We also obtained cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences for these same specimens as well as the holotypes of both <i>M. tiensa</i> and <i>M. harrisoni</i> (J. L. Eger, unpublished data) and generated a neighbour-joining tree incorporating two additional specimens reported on Genbank as <i>M. tiensa</i> from Vietnam (Fig. 10). These results indicate that the Lao specimen clusters with the holotype of <i>M. tiensa</i> as well as the Chinese specimens. Although the Vietnamese ‘sp. E’ differ by <i>≈</i> 3%, they morphologically resemble specimens referred to <i>M. tiensa</i> (Fig. 9).</p> <p> The sequence of the holotype of <i>M. harrisoni</i> clearly clusters with the other specimens, but appears to diverge by about 5–6%. However, this divergence must be interpreted cautiously due to degradation of the DNA. DNA for this specimen was extracted from a small tissue sample taken from the specimen after it had been stored in 70% ethanol for several years. It was only possible to retrieve short sequences which were subsequently assembled. Separate runs did not always agree in the sequences. We analysed separately all available base pairs (1008 base pairs out of the potential total 1140 bp, excluding two areas from 725–751 and 954–1058 which were particularly unreliable), as well as a shorter subset truncated at 724 base pairs. The shorter subset showed less divergence from other specimens in the tree, suggesting some of the divergence was due to sequencing errors. Any sequencing errors would make the sequence appear to diverge from the other specimens, such that the true sequence may be more similar to the other specimens than indicated. In any case, even a difference of <i>≈</i> 5% is within the range of observed intraspecific variation in other <i>Murina</i> for mitochondrial genes and is smaller than the differences among any pairs of other currently recognized species of <i>Murina</i> (Francis <i>et al</i>., 2010).</p> <p> Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2007) listed only two morphological differences between <i>M. tiensa</i> and <i>M. harrisoni</i>. In the skull profile, they suggested that the anterior part of the rostrum is almost straight in <i>M. tiensa</i>, while it is more bulbous in <i>M. harrisoni</i> with a less thickened rostrum (compare the top and bottom skulls in Fig. 9). They also suggested that the insertion point of the wing membrane is at the base of the toe in <i>harrisoni</i> and at the base of the claw (tip of the toe) in <i>M. tiensa</i>. Our specimens suggest that neither of these characters is reliable for differentiating species. We found variation in the rostrum shape among the specimens that we have examined (Fig. 9), which does not match up with any genetic differences (Fig. 10). The wing membrane of all the individuals we examined, irrespective of skull shape, is inserted on the side of the toe, roughly half way between the base (where the toes separate) and the base of the claw (Fig. 11). We note that the exact position can sometimes be difficult to discern, depending upon how the specimen was preserved and how it is stretched, which can lead to confusion.</p> <p> We thus conclude that the names <i>M. harrisoni</i> and <i>M. tiensa</i> both refer to the same species. The appropriate, prior name for the species is <i>M. harrisoni</i> as it was described first.</p> <p> Specimen 88162 from the Carnegie Museum was originally reported by McBee <i>et al</i>. (1986) as the first record of <i>Murina leucogaster</i> from Thailand along with a 2nd specimen which we did not examine but which was presumably the same species. Given that there are no other records for <i>M. leucogaster</i> from Thailand (Bumrungsri <i>et al</i>., 2006), that species should be removed from the list of bats known from Thailand. The specimen SMF 53218 from Thailand was originally reported by Yenbutra and Felten (1986) as <i>Murina huttoni</i>, but agrees well with the other specimens we have examined of <i>M. harrisoni</i>.</p> <p> The specimen from Myanmar in the MSNG (field number 309) was reported by Thomas (1893: 926) as <i>M. leucogaster</i> but our examination also indicates it should be referred to <i>M. harrisoni</i>. Although the skull has not been extracted, the mouth was preserved in an open position, and the distinctive dental characters are clearly visible. The pale bases to the fur and the insertion point of the membrane also help to differentiate the specimen from <i>M. huttoni</i>. As such, <i>M. leucogaster</i> should also be removed from the list of species from Myanmar, although we note that most previous authors (e.g., Hill, 1992) had overlooked the record in Thomas (1893).</p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i></p> <p>Although reported from only a few specimens, the known locality records are widely distributed throughout the region (Fig. 2a). Specimens from Thailand and Myanmar were collected in hill areas, but precise altitude and habitat information is not available. Vietnamese specimens were collected in dry open dipterocarp forest; those from China in Shiwandashan National Reserve specimens at an altitude of 550 m, in subtropical, montane secondary forest.</p>Published as part of <i>Francis, Charles M. & Eger, Judith L., 2012, A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species, pp. 15-38 in Acta Chiropterologica 14 (1)</i> on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.3161/150811012X654231, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3945152">http://zenodo.org/record/3945152</a&gt

Murina feae

<i>Murina feae</i> (Thomas 1891) <p>(Figs. 3h, 4h, 5h, 6d; Tables 1, 2; Map Fig. 1b)</p> <p> <i>Harpiocephalus feae</i>: Thomas 1891: 884; type locality Biapo, Burma.</p> <p> <i>Murina tubinaris</i>: authors as summarized in Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2011), including Francis <i>et al</i>. (1999, 2010), Francis (2008), but not Scully (1881).</p> <p> <i>Murina cineracea</i>: Csorba and Furey 2011: 896; type locality Seima Biodiversity Conservation Centre, Mondulkiri, Cambodia.</p> <p> <i>Specimens examined from Laos</i></p> <p>ROM: 9 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; EBD 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; SMF: 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (see Appendix for details, including information from adjacent countries and the literature).</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p>The overall colour is greyish, but with multiple bands of colour on the hairs (Fig. 6d). Most of the hairs of the dorsum have dark grey-brown to blackish bases for about 60–65% of their length, then a buffy gray band, then dark gray brown tips. Some specimens have a more brownish cast than others. The longer, guard hairs have pale tips, giving a frost- ed appearance, and an overall impression of 4 bands of colour in the back fur. The ventral fur has dark grey or black bases for up to 75% of the length, with silvery white tips. The legs and all of the interfemoral membrane are sparsely covered, above and below, with grayish brown hairs. The hairs are denser and longer on the legs than on the interfemoral membrane. The ear is rounded with a long narrow tragus about half the length of the ear.</p> <p> In the skull, the braincase is somewhat inflated, with a well developed rostral depression, and the rostrum relatively narrow (Fig. 3h). The anterior upper premolar (P 2) is very small, less than half the height and surface area of the posterior premolar (P 4), while the canine is only slightly longer than P 4.</p> <p> <i>Discussion</i></p> <p> These specimens match the description of bats referred by Hill (1963) to <i>M. tubinaris</i> in both skull morphology and the fur coloration, including the banding pattern of the hairs.</p> <p> Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2011) suggested that <i>M. tubinaris</i> is restricted to Pakistan and northwest India (the type locality is Gilgit, Kashmir), and they proposed the name <i>M. cineracea</i> for the species that occurs from east India through southeast Asia.</p> <p> We have subsequently examined the holotype of <i>Murina feae</i> (Thomas 1891) which was collected at Biapo in the Karin Hills, <i>≈</i> 70 km northeast of Toungoo, Myanmar (estimated coordinates 19°20’N, 96°40’E) and preserved in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Genova, Italy (MSNG 44307; field catalogue number 306). We suggest that this represents the same species as <i>M. cineracea</i> and thus is the prior name for the species.</p> <p> The type description by Thomas (1891: 884) was very brief, indicating that the specimen was similar to <i>M. aurata</i> but distinguished by “being brown instead of golden yellow, by the smaller nasal tubes and by having the forearms, hind limbs, and posterior edge of the interfemoral membrane almost naked.” Thomas (1893: 926) provided a few more details, including “general colour smoky brown, the tips of the hairs above brown, below white” and indicated that the wings were connected to the base of the ungual phalanx. He also wrote “the arms being only very thickly clothed with scattered brown hairs, the hind limbs but little more hairy, and the interfemoral membrane although thickly covered on the greater part of its surface, yet with its edge not fringed.” [The term “only” suggests he may have meant to write “thinly” rather thickly with respect to the arm hairs.] <i>Murina feae</i> was tentatively consider- ed a synonym of <i>M. aurata</i> by Hill (1992) and Maeda (1980), presumably on the basis of this description because neither author had examined the specimen.</p> <p> <i>Murina feae</i> differs from the most similar species currently known from the region, <i>M. eleryi</i> (which was formerly confused with the similar looking <i>M. aurata</i>), in several features of fur colour and skull shape. The dorsal fur of <i>M. eleryi</i> also has dark and light bands, but the banding pattern is less distinct with shorter dark bases, and the fur is more brownish with golden tips (see pictures in Furey <i>et al</i>., 2009 and description below). Although it is possible golden tips could fade over time, Thomas (1893) explicitly noted the lack of golden tips when he described the specimen. Furthermore, the skull of <i>M. feae</i> can be differentiated from <i>M. eleryi</i> by its slightly larger and more robust skull, thickened rostrum, slightly larger canines and thickened zygoma.</p> <p> Ruedi <i>et al</i>. (2012) recently described <i>M. jaintiana</i> from Megalaya, India as a species distinct from <i>M. tubinaris</i> and <i>M. cineracea</i> based, in part, on genetic differences. Genetically, analysis of cytochrome <i>b</i> sequences suggest <i>M. jaintiana</i> is more closely allied to Lao and Vietnamese <i>M. feae</i> than to any other species so far sequenced, but nevertheless diverges by nearly 10% (Ruedi <i>et al</i>., 2012; J. L. Eger, unpublished data). Ruedi <i>et al</i>. (2012) noted that <i>M. jaintiana</i> differed from <i>M. cineracea</i> in several morphological features including reduced mesostyles on M 1 and M 2, stronger zygomata, lack of a sagittal crest, more extensive dark bases to the ventral fur, and insertion of the wing membrane at the base of the claw. In most of these characters, the holotype of <i>M. feae</i> resembles our specimens from Laos and Vietnam. The upper molars have small but distinct mesostyles and the zygoma are weak. The sagittal crest is not apparent, but this character is variable among our specimens from Laos, Vietnam and southern China. The dark bases on the ventral fur of several of our Lao and Vietnamese specimens extend up to 75% of the length of the hairs, while others are less extensive, indicating this is not a useful diagnostic character. The wing membrane on all of our specimens insert- ed on the side of the toe slightly below the base of the claw.</p> <p> Thus, we conclude that <i>M. feae</i> is the prior name for the species occurring in southeast Asia that was described in Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2011) as <i>M. cineracea</i>. We acknowledge the possibility that future genetic studies may demonstrate multiple cryptic species in the region resembling <i>M. feae</i>, in which case this conclusion would need to be reexamined. In the meantime, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it seems appropriate to treat <i>M. cineracea</i> as a junior synonym of <i>M. feae</i>.</p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i></p> <p> <i>Murina feae</i> was first reported from Laos by Osgood (1932) (as <i>M. tubinaris</i>) based on specimens from Phongsali in northern Laos. Although not quite as widespread as <i>M. cyclotis</i>, our surveys indicate the species was nevertheless relatively common, with 42 individuals captured from most major localities where we surveyed. It has also been reported from many localities in adjacent countries (Fig. 1b, Appendix). It was caught in a range of habitats from lowland mixed forest to montane evergreen rainforest.</p>Published as part of <i>Francis, Charles M. & Eger, Judith L., 2012, A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species, pp. 15-38 in Acta Chiropterologica 14 (1)</i> on pages 24-27, DOI: 10.3161/150811012X654231, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3945152">http://zenodo.org/record/3945152</a&gt

Murina huttoni

<i>Murina huttoni</i> (Peters 1872) <p>(Figs. 3c, 4c, 5c; Tables 1, 2; Map Fig. 1c)</p> <p> <i>Specimens examined from Laos</i></p> <p>ROM: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (see Appendix for details, including information from adjacent countries and the literature).</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> Externally, especially in fur colour, specimens of this species from Laos appear somewhat similar to <i>M. cyclotis</i> but are considerably larger (Tables 1, 2) with relatively longer, narrower ears. The fur of the dorsum is long and fluffy, with slate grey bases for about 20% of the length, then a pale buffy band (<i>≈</i> 35%) which darkens gradually into a darker orange-brown band (<i>≈</i> 45%). The ventral fur is similar but somewhat paler. The interfemoral membrane is extensively covered with reddish-brown hairs which are longer near the body and shorter near the edge. At the foot, the membrane inserts on the side of the toe, near the base of the claw.</p> <p> The species is most readily distinguished by its size and dentition. Like <i>M. cyclotis</i>, the anterior upper premolar is similar in size to the posterior premolar; however, the mesostyles of the first and second upper molars (M 1 and M 2) are well developed, similar in height to the other cusps such that the cusps form a relatively well developed W-pattern, and there is no strong indentation on the labial side of the molars (Fig. 4c). In the lower toothrow, the talonids of the lower molars, M 1 and M 2 are well developed; viewed from above, the length of the talonid on the lingual side is only slightly less than that of the trigonid; in lateral view, the posterior cusps are about 2/3 the height of the anterior cusps (Fig. 5c).</p> <p> <i>Discussion</i></p> <p> In dental and cranial characters these match the holotype of <i>M. huttoni</i> (Peters 1872) from India (BMNH 1879.11.21.685) as well as that of <i>M. huttoni rubella</i> Thomas 1914 (BMNH 1908.8.11.6) from Fokien, China. The latter was described as differing mainly in fur colour, being more reddish orange, while <i>M. h. huttoni</i> is apparently more greyish brown (although the holotype is in alcohol and the colour is now hard to discern). If this character is reliable, the Lao specimens would appear to match more closely with <i>M. h. rubella</i> as was also suggest- ed by Hendrichsen <i>et al</i>. (2001) for Vietnamese specimens. Further specimens, preferably with genetic data, will be required from various locations throughout the range, including the type localities of <i>huttoni</i> and <i>rubella</i> to determine whether this variation is appropriately recognized at a subspecies level.</p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i></p> <p> All three of the Lao specimens were caught at the same location on April 10 and 11, 1996 at Pha Deng, <i>≈</i> 8 km E of Ban Navang, Khammouan Province, Laos (17°57’N, 105°23’E); altitude 1140 m, in the understorey of hill rainforest (Fig. 1c). An additional specimen from Quang Nam province in Vietnam (ROM 111359) was also caught in premontane evergreen forest. Hendrichsen <i>et al</i>. (2001) reported two specimens from Kon Ka Kinh, from montane rainforest at 1550–1600 m a.s.l., although their third specimen was subsequently identified as <i>M. tiensa</i> (Csorba <i>et al</i>., 2007), which we here consider a synonym of <i>M. harrisoni</i> (see below). Lekagul and McNeely (1977) reported a specimen from Chieng Mai, Thailand, but no details are available on its habitat. Csorba <i>et al</i>. (2007) examined one specimen from Thailand (79.1418) in the BM(NH), but provided no details on it, and it is unclear whether it was the same specimen referenced by Lekagul and McNeely (1977). Yenbutra and Felten (1986) listed another specimen from Chieng Mai (SMF 53218), but we have re-identified that as <i>M. harrisoni</i> (see below).</p> <p> This is the only species of <i>Murina</i> still considered to occur both in the Malay Peninsula and in Indochina, based on a single record of the species from hill rainforest at an altitude of 1450 m on Gunong Benom in Pahang, Malaysia (Hill, 1972), after the recognition that <i>M. peninsularis</i> is a distinct species from <i>M. cyclotis</i> (as noted above). However, it would be premature to speculate on biogeographic explanations until additional specimens have been obtained and genetic sequences analysed to confirm that Malaysian <i>M. huttoni</i> is, in fact, the same species as the form in Indochina.</p>Published as part of <i>Francis, Charles M. & Eger, Judith L., 2012, A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species, pp. 15-38 in Acta Chiropterologica 14 (1)</i> on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.3161/150811012X654231, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3945152">http://zenodo.org/record/3945152</a&gt

Murina eleryi Furey 2009

<i>Murina eleryi</i> Furey <i>et al.</i> 2009 <p>(Figs. 3f, 4f, 5f; Tables 1, 2; Map Fig. 1d)</p> <p> <i>Murina aurata</i>: Francis <i>et al</i>. 1999: 233, 2010: 6; Francis 2008: 253 (part).</p> <p> <i>Specimens examined from Laos</i></p> <p>ROM: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; EBD: 1 ♀ (see Appendix for details, including information from adjacent countries and the literature).</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p>The fur of the dorsum is banded with dark grey to blackish bases for about 25% of the length, then a paler whitish to buffy band that blends into an orange brown band, then a dark brown band. Some of the longer hairs then have golden tips for up to 15% of the length giving a gilded appearance. The ventral fur has dark grey or blackish bases for about 50% of the length, with silvery grey to white distal half. The tail membrane is sparsely covered with long yellow-brown hairs, and the feet and legs are thickly haired. The ears are small and rounded; the tragus straight, pointed and whitish. The wing membrane is inserted on the side of the toe, near the base of the claw.</p> <p> This is the smallest <i>Murina</i> in Laos (Tables 1 and 2), particularly in skull dimensions (Fig. 3f). The anterior upper premolar (P 2) is substantially shorter than the posterior premolar (P 4), while the canine is slightly longer than P 4 (Fig. 4f). In the mandible, P 2 is substantially smaller in surface area, and about 2/3 the height of P 4, while C 1 is about 50% taller than P 4 (Fig. 5f).</p> <p> <i>Discussion</i></p> <p> These specimens were originally reported by Francis <i>et al</i>. (1999) as <i>M. aurata</i> Milne-Edwards 1872, based on their small size and the similarity in fur colour to the description in Hill (1983), although with some hesitation given that the canines, although small, were longer than the posterior premolars, contrary to the keys in Hill (1992). However, they agree well in both fur colour and cranial shape with the description of <i>M. eleryi</i> by Furey <i>et al</i>. (2009).</p> <p> <i>Distribution and ecology</i></p> <p> Three of the specimens that we captured in Laos were found in wet evergreen montane forest in the Annamite Mountains, at an altitude of 1000–1140 m. An additional five specimens were captured during surveys in Vietnam, in Quang Nam province. Four of these were captured in premontane evergreen forest at about 830 m, but one was caught in secondary forest at the base of the hills at 200 m. Additional specimens from the ROM in southern China, together with those reported by Furey <i>et al</i>. (2009) suggest it may be widely distributed through Vietnam and adjacent areas of Laos, though possibly largely in montane regions (Fig. 1d).</p>Published as part of <i>Francis, Charles M. & Eger, Judith L., 2012, A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species, pp. 15-38 in Acta Chiropterologica 14 (1)</i> on page 28, DOI: 10.3161/150811012X654231, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3945152">http://zenodo.org/record/3945152</a&gt

A new subspecies of the bat Eumops auripendulus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Argentina and eastern Brazil

Volume: 25Start Page: 1End Page:

A new species of tube-nosed bat Murina (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from Vietnam

K Ruskop, Sergei V., Eger, Judith L. (2008): A new species of tube-nosed bat Murina (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from Vietnam. Acta Chiropterologica 10 (2): 213-220, DOI: 10.3161/150811008X41480