The Nature and distribution of enteric bacteria in Las Vegas Bay

The distribution of water and of enteric bacteria of possible fecal origin into Las Vegas Bay from Las Vegas Wash was determined. Determination of distribution patterns was attained by applying the concept of the population component ratio of enteric bacteria. The development and application of new techniques and methods implicit in the application of the component ratio concept are discussed. The unreliability of thoroughly referenced techniques and methods generally accepted as standard are treated in detail. Physical factors affecting the distribution and deposition of enteric bacteria (including those of special public health importance) in Las Vegas Bay are also discussed

Distribution of stream pollution in lake water

Wastewater effluent-laden waters from Las Vegas Wash (LVW) form a density current that may be detected in Boulder Basin of Lake Mead at considerable distances from the wash estuary. This led to the suspicion that water from the inflowing stream [40 mgd (1.5 X 105 cu m/day)] might not be rapidly diluted in the enormous volume of the lake [19 mil acre-ft (2.3 X 1010 cu m)], but might persist as a recognizable entity to the vicinity of the intake of a major water source for populous Clark County, Nev. Because of the detection sensitivity implicit in the use of bacteria as tracers, the signal amplification factor inherent in their growth on media, and precedent in work on streams and air, it was decided to investigate the possibility that they might be used to study the practical problem under consideration. Ideally, certain thermophilic spore-forming bacteria may be deliberately added as tracers. The next best choice would be a rnesophilic spore former (such as Bacillus subtilis var. niger), and a third alternative would be naturally occurring populations of bacteria indigenous to LVW. The last alternative was adopted because of the health hazards (though slight) inherent in adding large numbers of spores to the envirqnrnent under investigation

Limnological aspects of Lake Mead, Nevada-Arizona

Lake Mead is a deep, subtropical, moderately productive, desert impoundment with a negative heterograde oxygen profile occurring during; the summer stratification. investigations of the Boulder Basin of Lake Mead by the University of Nevada were initiated in November 1971. The primary objective of the study was to determine what effects industrial and sewage effluent from the Las Vegas metropolitan area, discharged into Las Vegas Bay, have had on the water quality and limnological conditions of Boulder Basin. Data from the 1975-76 period are presented in detail, with earlier data included in the summaries and discussions. Measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH. Alkalinity, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton numbers, chlorophyll a, primary productivity, zooplankton concentrations, and coliform bacteria were made monthly or biweekly. Success patterns for both phytoplankton and zooplankton are described. Physical factors affecting the distribution arid deposition of enteric bacteria (including those of special public health importance) in Las Vegas Bay are discussed. The distribution of water arid of enteric bacteria of possible fecal origin into Las Vegas Bay from Las Vegas Wash were determined. The unreliability of thoroughly referenced techniques and methods, generally accepted as standard for enteric bacteria, are treated in detail. Water from Las Vegas Wash forms a density current in Las Vegas Bay. The density current is located on the bottom during isothermal conditions and in the metalimnion during summer stratification. The metalimnetic oxygen minimum was examined in some detail and found to be caused by biological respiration. Estimations of zooplankton and phytoplankton respiration indicate that they could account for the majority of the oxygen lost in the metalimnion. Primary production and algal biomass were higher in Las Vegas Bay because of nutrient enrichment from Las Vegas Wash. The inner portion of Las Vegas Bay would be classified as eutrophic and the outer portion of Las Vegas Bay and Boulder Basin as mesotrophic. Nitrogen is likely to be the most limiting nutrient

Wp index: A new substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude

Geomagnetic field data with high time resolution (typically 1 s) have recently become more commonly acquired by ground stations. Such high time resolution data enable identifying Pi2 pulsations which have periods of 40–150 s and irregular (damped) waveforms. It is well-known that pulsations of this type are clearly observed at mid- and low-latitude ground stations on the nightside at substorm onset. Therefore, with 1-s data from multiple stations distributed in longitude around the Earth's circumference, substorm onset can be regularly monitored. In the present study we propose a new substorm index, the Wp index (Wave and planetary), which reflects Pi2 wave power at low-latitude, using geomagnetic field data from 11 ground stations. We compare the Wp index with the AE and ASY indices as well as the electron flux and magnetic field data at geosynchronous altitudes for 11 March 2010. We find that significant enhancements of the Wp index mostly coincide with those of the other data. Thus the Wp index can be considered a good indicator of substorm onset. The Wp index, other geomagnetic indices, and geosynchronous satellite data are plotted in a stack for quick and easy search of substorm onset. The stack plots and digital data of the Wp index are available at the Web site (http://s-cubed.info) for public use. These products would be useful to investigate and understand space weather events, because substorms cause injection of intense fluxes of energetic electrons into the inner magnetosphere and potentially have deleterious impacts on satellites by inducing surface charging

Wp index: A new substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude

第2回極域科学シンポジウム/第35回極域宙空圏シンポジウム 11月15日（火） 国立極地研究所 2階大会議

Morphoelectric and transcriptomic divergence of the layer 1 interneuron repertoire in human versus mouse neocortex

Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is a site of convergence between pyramidal-neuron dendrites and feedback axons where local inhibitory signaling can profoundly shape cortical processing. Evolutionary expansion of human neocortex is marked by distinctive pyramidal neurons with extensive L1 branching, but whether L1 interneurons are similarly diverse is underexplored. Using Patch-seq recordings from human neurosurgical tissue, we identified four transcriptomic subclasses with mouse L1 homologs, along with distinct subtypes and types unmatched in mouse L1. Subclass and subtype comparisons showed stronger transcriptomic differences in human L1 and were correlated with strong morphoelectric variability along dimensions distinct from mouse L1 variability. Accompanied by greater layer thickness and other cytoarchitecture changes, these findings suggest that L1 has diverged in evolution, reflecting the demands of regulating the expanded human neocortical circuit

Ethical issues in the documentary data analysis of Internet posts and archives.

The documentary analysis of email posts and archives for qualitative research has been outlined elsewhere (Murray & Sixsmith, 1998a; Murray and Sixsmith, in press). Although there is an increase in the number of studies being conducted on listserv and newsgroup material in health research, this has not always been accompanied by a careful, in-depth consideration of the concomitant ethical issues. Therefore, this article outlines the ethical considerations surrounding this form of research, including issues of: accessing voices, consent, privacy, anonymity, interpretation, and ownership and authorship of research material

Investigation of intrinsic dynamics of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways using coarse-grained normal mode analysis

<p>Intrinsic dynamics of proteins are known to play important roles in their function. In particular, collective dynamics of a protein, which are defined by the protein’s overall architecture, are important in promoting the active site conformation that favors substrate binding and effective catalysis. The primary sequence of a protein, which determines its three-dimensional structure, encodes unique dynamics. The intrinsic dynamics of a protein actually link protein structure to its function. In the present study, coarse-grained normal mode analysis was performed to examine the intrinsic dynamic patterns of 24 different enzymes involved in primary metabolic pathways. We observed that each metabolic enzyme exhibits unique patterns of motions, which are conserved across multiple species and functionally relevant. Dynamic cross-correlation matrices (DCCMs) are visibly identical for a given enzyme family but significantly different from DCCMs of other protein families, reinforcing that proteins with similar function exhibit a similar pattern of motions. The present work also reasserted that correct identification of unknown proteins is possible based on their intrinsic mobility patterns.</p