Descubre el científico que hay en ti: aprender ciencias de manera divertida

La falta de interés por el estudio de la ciencia, así como el rechazo que producen las mismas en el aula, ha generado la necesidad de buscar un medio para volverlas atractivas. Como lo menciona Schmidt, presidenta de Let"™s Talk Science, en el artículo Students lacking interest in Science, es necesario que se muestre la utilidad que tienen las ciencias en la vida diaria como en la vida laboral. En respuesta a dicha preocupación, el Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, El Politécnico, de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ) ofrece el proyecto de vinculación Ciencia al Rescate (CAR), el cual es una alternativa para mostrar que la ciencia puede llegar a ser divertida. En el mismo, tanto profesores como estudiantes de la universidad realizan una serie de actividades destinadas a este fin: shows en vivo, videos de ciencia difundidos a través de su página web, una revista de difusión científica para niños, y talleres de ciencia para docentes. El proyecto se inició en agosto de 2015 y funciona hasta la actualidad con la participación de 13 profesores, 24 estudiantes y 6 administrativos

Determinación de elementos mayores en sedimentos provenientes de zonas afectadas por actividades petroleras en Ecuador

Heavy metal pollution is one of the biggest problems of great concern at the global, regional and local levels due to mining and oil activities, because those elements constitute a threat to aquatic biota and human health. The major elements and heavy metals tend to accumulate in sediments, which act as secondary sources of contamination, and this process is closely related to the redox conditions, the particle size distribution of the sediments and the amount of sedimentary organic matter. Therefore, the aim of this work conducted in the frame of the MONOIL Research Program between France and Ecuador, is to determine the concentration of major elements (K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn and Al) in the fine fraction of sediments, particles <4/μm, collected in the basins of the Aguarico, Napo and Esmeraldas Rivers, which are areas affected by the oil industry in Ecuador. Concentrations of major elements in the fine fraction are then compared to concentrations in the bulk, which was determined in the same sampling points in a previous work. Environmental parameters in surface waters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity and oxide reduction potential (ORP) were determined in situ in each sampling point. The isolation of the fine fraction was carried out based on Stokes’ law after a homogenization, quartering and dissolution of the sediment in distilled water. Mineralization in sediments was performed by a triacid attack with HCl, HNO3 and HF. The major elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The ranges of major elements in the fine fraction of sediments were: Fe: 18-49, Al: 26-59, K: 3-15, Mg: 3-13, Na: 1-11 and Mn: 0.38-0.89 mg g-1; while concentrations in the bulk sediment concentrations were: Fe: 25-49, Al: 45-82, K: 5-20 Mg: 4-16, Na: 3-24 and Mn: 0.43-1.28 mg g-1. In the sediment samples of the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon rivers, 43% Na, 93% Fe, 70% Mg, 62% Mn and 94% K are associated with the fine fraction. The concentrations of Mg, Na and Mn in bottom sediments are influenced by oil activities, while Fe, K and Al concentrations depend on the natural origin of sediments. However, downstream up to the border with Peru, no significant increase in the concentrations of major elements in relation to the control points, upstream of the ZIL, the Local Area of influence of oil activities, was observed.La contaminación por metales pesados debido a la actividad petrolera es uno de los problemas de mayor preocupación a nivel mundial, regional y local, porque constituyen un peligro para la biota acuática y la salud humana. Los elementos mayores y metales pesados tienden a acumularse en los sedimentos, los cuales actúan como recursos secundarios de contaminación. Estos están íntimamente relacionados con las condiciones redox, la distribución del tamaño de las partículas en los sedimentos y la cantidad de materia orgánica sedimentaria. Por tanto, el objetivo de este proyecto realizado dentro del marco del programa de Investigación Franco-Ecuatoriano MONOIL, es determinar la concentración de los elementos mayores (K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn y Al) en la fracción fina de sedimentos colectados en las cuencas de los ríos Aguarico, Napo y Esmeraldas, que constituyen áreas de influencia de la zona petrolera en el Ecuador, y compararlos con las concentraciones analizadas en el bulk de cada muestra en estudios anteriores. Los parámetros ambientales in situ que se determinaron en cada punto de muestreo fueron temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad y potencial de óxido reducción. La separación de la fracción fina, partículas <4/μm, de los sedimentos se realizó en base a la ley de Stokes tras un proceso de homogenización, cuarteo y disolución en agua destilada. La mineralización de los sedimentos se realizó por un ataque triácido con HCl, HNO3 y HF. Los elementos mayores se determinaron por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica (AAS). Los rangos de los elementos mayores encontrados en la fracción fina de sedimentos fueron Fe: 18-49, Al: 26-59, K: 3-15, Mg: 3-13, Na: 1-11 y Mn: 0.38-0.89 mg g-1. Mientras que las concentraciones en el bulk de los sedimentos fueron Fe: 25-49, Al: 45-82, K: 5-20, Mg: 4-16, Na: 3-24 y Mn: 0.43-1.28 mg g-1. En las muestras analizadas, el 43% del Na, el 93% del Fe, el 70% de Mg, el 62% de Mn y el 94% de K están asociados con la fracción fina de los sedimentos. Las concentraciones de Mg, Na y Mn están influenciadas por las actividades petroleras mientras que el contenido de Fe, K y Al está relacionado con el origen natural de los sedimentos. Sin embargo, aguas abajo, hasta la frontera con Perú, no se observa un incremento significativo en las concentraciones de elementos mayores en relación a los puntos de control, aguas arriba de la ZIL, Zona de Influencia Local de las actividades petroleras

Response of Predatory Mites to a Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile: Genetic Variation for Context-Dependent Behaviour

Plants infested with herbivores release specific volatile compounds that are known to recruit natural enemies. The response of natural enemies to these volatiles may be either learned or genetically determined. We asked whether there is genetic variation in the response of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to methyl salicylate (MeSa). MeSa is a volatile compound consistently produced by plants being attacked by the two-spotted spider mite, the prey of P. persimilis. We predicted that predators express genetically determined responses during long-distance migration where previously learned associations may have less value. Additionally, we asked whether these responses depend on odors from uninfested plants as a background to MeSa. To infer a genetic basis, we analyzed the variation in response to MeSa among iso-female lines of P. persimilis by using choice-tests that involved either (1) MeSa presented as a single compound or (2) MeSa with background-odor from uninfested lima bean plants. These tests were conducted for starved and satiated predators, i.e., two physiological states, one that approximates migration and another that mimics local patch exploration. We found variation among iso-female lines in the responses to MeSa, thus showing genetic variation for this behavior. The variation was more pronounced in the starved predators, thus indicating that P. persimilis relies on innate preferences when migrating. Background volatiles of uninfested plants changed the predators’ responses to MeSa in a manner that depended on physiological state and iso-female line. Thus, it is possible to select for context-dependent behavioral responses of natural enemies to plant volatiles

Innate responses of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to a herbivore-induced plant volatile

The responses of the predatory mite P. persimilis to herbivore-induced plant volatiles are at least partly genetically determined. Thus, there is potential for the evolution of this behaviour by natural selection. We tested whether distinct predator genotypes with contrasting responses to a specific herbivore-induced plant volatile, i.e. methyl salicylate (MeSa), could be found in a base population collected in the field (Sicily). To this end, we imposed purifying selection on individuals within iso-female lines of P. persimilis such that the lines were propagated only via the individual that showed either a preference or avoidance of MeSa. The responses of the lines were characterized as the mean proportion of individuals choosing MeSa when given a choice between MeSa and clean air. Significant variation in predator responses was detected among iso-female lines, thus confirming the presence of a genetic component for this behaviour. Nevertheless, we did not find a significant difference in the response to MeSa between the lines that were selected to avoid MeSa and the lines selected to prefer MeSa. Instead, in the course of selection the lines selected to avoid MeSa shifted their mean response towards a preference for MeSa. An inverse, albeit weaker, shift was detected for the lines selected to prefer MeSa. We discuss the factors that may have caused the apparent lack of a response to selection within iso-female line in this study and propose experimental approaches that address them

Jack of All Trades, Master of All: A Positive Association between Habitat Niche Breadth and Foraging Performance in Pit-Building Antlion Larvae

Species utilizing a wide range of resources are intuitively expected to be less efficient in exploiting each resource type compared to species which have developed an optimal phenotype for utilizing only one or a few resources. We report here the results of an empirical study whose aim was to test for a negative association between habitat niche breadth and foraging performance. As a model system to address this question, we used two highly abundant species of pit-building antlions varying in their habitat niche breadth: the habitat generalist Myrmeleon hyalinus, which inhabits a variety of soil types but occurs mainly in sandy soils, and the habitat specialist Cueta lineosa, which is restricted to light soils such as loess. Both species were able to discriminate between the two soils, with each showing a distinct and higher preference to the soil type providing higher prey capture success and characterizing its primary habitat-of-origin. As expected, only small differences in the foraging performances of the habitat generalist were evident between the two soils, while the performance of the habitat specialist was markedly reduced in the alternative sandy soil. Remarkably, in both soil types, the habitat generalist constructed pits and responded to prey faster than the habitat specialist, at least under the temperature range of this study. Furthermore, prey capture success of the habitat generalist was higher than that of the habitat specialist irrespective of the soil type or prey ant species encountered, implying a positive association between habitat niche-breadth and foraging performance. Alternatively, C. lineosa specialization to light soils does not necessarily confer upon its superiority in utilizing such habitats. We thus suggest that habitat specialization in C. lineosa is either an evolutionary dead-end, or, more likely, that this species' superiority in light soils can only be evident when considering additional niche axes

Towards evolutionary predictions: Current promises and challenges

Evolution has traditionally been a historical and descriptive science, and predicting future evolutionary processes has long been considered impossible. However, evolutionary predictions are increasingly being developed and used in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology and conservation biology. Evolutionary predictions may be used for different purposes, such as to prepare for the future, to try and change the course of evolution or to determine how well we understand evolutionary processes. Similarly, the exact aspect of the evolved population that we want to predict may also differ. For example, we could try to predict which genotype will dominate, the fitness of the population or the extinction probability of a population. In addition, there are many uses of evolutionary predictions that may not always be recognized as such. The main goal of this review is to increase awareness of methods and data in different research fields by showing the breadth of situations in which evolutionary predictions are made. We describe how diverse evolutionary predictions share a common structure described by the predictive scope, time scale and precision. Then, by using examples ranging from SARS-CoV2 and influenza to CRISPR-based gene drives and sustainable product formation in biotechnology, we discuss the methods for predicting evolution, the factors that affect predictability and how predictions can be used to prevent evolution in undesirable directions or to promote beneficial evolution (i.e. evolutionary control). We hope that this review will stimulate collaboration between fields by establishing a common language for evolutionary predictions

Towards evolutionary predictions : current promises and challenges

Evolution has traditionally been a historical and descriptive science, and predicting future evolutionary processes has long been considered impossible. However, evolutionary predictions are increasingly being developed and used in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology and conservation biology. Evolutionary predictions may be used for different purposes, such as to prepare for the future, to try and change the course of evolution or to determine how well we understand evolutionary processes. Similarly, the exact aspect of the evolved population that we want to predict may also differ. For example, we could try to predict which genotype will dominate, the fitness of the population or the extinction probability of a population. In addition, there are many uses of evolutionary predictions that may not always be recognized as such. The main goal of this review is to increase awareness of methods and data in different research fields by showing the breadth of situations in which evolutionary predictions are made. We describe how diverse evolutionary predictions share a common structure described by the predictive scope, time scale and precision. Then, by using examples ranging from SARS-CoV2 and influenza to CRISPR-based gene drives and sustainable product formation in biotechnology, we discuss the methods for predicting evolution, the factors that affect predictability and how predictions can be used to prevent evolution in undesirable directions or to promote beneficial evolution (i.e. evolutionary control). We hope that this review will stimulate collaboration between fields by establishing a common language for evolutionary predictions