Evaluasi Genotipe Sorgum Manis (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) Produksi Biomas Dan Daya Ratun Tinggi

The possibility of sustainable use of sweet sorghum as raw material for animal feed and bioethanol need to be supported by evaluation and selection of sweet sorghum genotypes for high biomass production, sugar content of the stalk, and its ratooning ability. An experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Cereal Crops Research Institute, Maros, during the anomalic season (La Nina) from November 2009 to September 2010. Fourteen genotypes of sweet sorghum were planted in plots arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The sorghum seeds were planted as primary crop plants in November 2009 and harvested in February 2010. Ratoons of the primary crop (Ratoon I) started to grow in February 2010 and was harvested in May 2010, while Ratoon II started to grow in May 2010 and was harvested in August 2010. The results showed that none of the sorghum genotypes had the potential of high fresh biomass production, high ratooning ability, and high sugar content of stalk juice. Genotype 15021A produced the highest fresh biomass (63.4 t/ha), but had low ratooning ability l (33-44%) and low sugar stalk juice content (9 brix). Meanwhile, genotype 15105B had high ratooning ability (64-88%) and high sugar content of stalk juice (13 brix), but it had a low fresh biomass production (41.8 t/ha). The amount of fresh biomass production from the primary crop plants until Ratoon II was determined by the potential production of fresh biomass/ha and ratooning capability of the sorghum genotype. The fresh biomass production of the sorghum genotype was correlated with the plant height and the date of flowering

Penentuan Takaran Pupuk Nitrogen Pada Tanaman Jagung Hibrida Berdasarkan Klorofil Meter Dan Bagan Warna Daun

Synchronization the amount of N nutrient needed for maize growth and the availability of indigenous N in the soil + N fertlizer, is important to obtain a high maize yield. An alternative technique to identify the N nutrient adequacy on maize is by using the chlorophyll meter or the leaf color chart (LCC). The research objective was to determine the rate and time of N fertilizer application for hybrids maize based on the content of N in the leaf as measured by chlorophyll meter and LCC. The experiments were conducted using a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were the rate of N fertilizer, namely 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N/ha. The subplots were the corn varieties Pioneer 21 and Bisi 2. Results showed that the N fertilizer requirements for maize crops as measured using the chlorophyll meter and the LCC were positively correlated with the actual levels of N requirement. Both measurement techniques can be used to identify the N nutrient requirement for maize during the plant growth stages V12 and VT. Determination of the critical N status by grouping stages of plants with sufficient and insufficient N nutrient indicated that chlorophyll meter value was more accurate than the use of LCC. The deviation of measurements of N fertilizer requirements at plant growth stages V12 and VT using the chlorophyll meter was smaller (11.1% and 2.7%) than those using the LCC (16.1% and 8.3%). The critical N status as measured using the chlorophyll meter and the LCC at V12 was 52 units, and the BWD 4.7, whereas the critical N status at VT was 50 units using the chlorophyll meter and scale 4.4 using the LCC. The estimated N fertilizer required at V12 with maize yield target of 9-10 t/ha was the value of the chlorophyll meter <41unit or the LCC <4 with the rates of N fertilizers of 125-131 kg/ha. If the chlorophyll meter value was 42-46 units or LCC 4.0 to 4.2, the rates of N fertilizer to be applied ranged from 87-119 kg N/ha. With the value of the chlorophyll meter 47-50 units or values of LCC 4.3 to 4.5, the rate of N fertilizer required ranged from 46-78 kg N/ha

Seleksi Jagung Inbrida Dengan Marka Molekuler Dan Toleransinya Terhadap Kekeringan Dan Nitrogen Rendah

Information on genetic diversity, homozygosity, drought stress and low N tolerance of maize inbred line are useful for parental selection in developing maize varieties tolerant to drought and low N. The objectives of this study were (a) selection for homozygoes lines and analysis of genetic diversity among 51 maize inbred lines applying simple sequence repeats (SSRs) using thirty six markers (b) selection for inbred lines (homozygosity over 80%) for drought and low nitrogen (N) tolerance. Experiment was conducted using split-split plots design with three replications. Water treatments were as the main plots (well-watered and drought stress conditions), subplots were nitrogen fertilization at rate of 75 and 150 kg N/ha and the sub-sub plots were 51 inbred lines. The results showed that there were broad ranges of genetic variability among inbred lines with genetic similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.22 to 0.87 and polymorphism information content average was 0.57. Thirty inbreds having homozygosity over 80% were spread into six heterotic groups. Drought tolerance inbreds were in heterotic groups C and F, namely DTPYC9-F46-3-9-1-1-B and 1044-30, the drought medium tolerance in heterotic group A and B, namely CML 161/NEI 9008 and MR 14. Inbred for low-N fertility tolerance was in the heterotic group D namely G20133077, while medium tolerance to low-N fertility inbreds were in heterotic group A, B, C, D, and F, and they were CML 161/NEI 9008, CY 11, CY 15, CY 6, CLRCY039, Nei9008, DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-2-B, G2013627, G2013649, 1044-30. Inbreds tolerance to both medium drought and to low-N fertility were in heterotic group C and F they were DTPYC9-F46-1-2-1-2-B and 1044-30. Inbred lines of maize tolerant to drought and to low-N fertility can be used as parent to develop hybrid or synthetic varieties, posessing stress tolerances, by cross recombination between heterotic groups

Corporate governance and national institutions: A review and emerging research agenda

We present a critique of corporate governance research grounded in agency theory and propose that cross-national comparison of corporate governance should consider how the nature and extent of agency relationships differ across different institutional contexts. Building on prior governance studies grounded in sociology and organizational theory we argue that performance outcomes of boards of directors, ownership concentration, and executive incentives may differ depending on the legal system and institutional characteristics in a specific country. Institutions may also affect the extent of complimentarity/substitution among different firm-level governance practices producing patterned variations in firm-level governance mechanisms. Our discussion suggests that researchers need to develop more holistic, institutionally embedded governance framework to analyze organizational outcomes of various governance practices

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo