Optimalisasi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Melalui Sinergi Program PUAP Dengan Desa Mandiri Pangan

Program pemberdayaan masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan di pedesaan pada prinsipnya memiliki banyak persamaan. Hal ini terlihat pada program PUAP dan Demapan. Adapun persamaannya antara lain : sama-sama berbasis desa, dilaksanakan oleh kelompok masyarakat, mendapatkan modal USAha pertanian dan non pertanian, terbentuknya lembaga keuangan mikro ditingkat desa, dan dibimbing oleh penyuluh dan tenaga pendamping. Dalam pelaksanaannya program tersebut masih banyak mengalami permasalahan dan untuk mengatasinya diperlukan koordinasi dengan cara mensinergikan program PUAP dengan Demapan. Sinergi dan integritasi kedua program mencakup beberapa aspek, yaitu : (1) diawali dengan sinergi data, pemilihan desa penerima program; (2) penataan internal kelembagaan program; (3) pemantapan pengembangan infrastruktur dengan sasaran akselerasi pengentasan kemiskinan; dan (4) antisipasi implementasi sinergi kedua program di lapangan. Dengan mengoptimalkan empat aspek tersebut, diharapkan akselerasi pembangunan pertanian dan ekonomi desa yang mengarah pada pengentasan kemiskinan dapat diwujudkan

Mean CDA amplitudes (in µV, standard deviations between brackets) for adolescents and adults in the VSWM change detection task, averaged over lateral parietal and occipital electrode sites.

<p>NB: T1D0 = one item, no distracters; T1D2 = one item, two distracters; T3D0 = three items, no distracters.</p

Behavioral data from the VSWM change detection task.

<p>Bar graphs of (A) Cowan’s <i>K</i>, (B) average reaction times (in ms), and (C) percentage of correct responses for control and ADHD adolescents and adults in T1D0 (one target), T1D2 (one target, two distracters) and T3D0 (three targets) conditions of the VSWM change detection task. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p

Scatterplots of significant correlations between behavioral and CDA measures.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Correlation between <i>K</i>-T3D0 and Unnecessary Storage (<i>K</i>-T1D0 minus <i>K</i>-T1D2) for adolescents (triangles) and adults (squares). <i>(B&C)</i> Correlation between distracter related parietal-occipital CDA effects (CDA-T1D2 minus CDA-T1D0) and Unnecessary Storage (<i>K</i>-T1D0-<i>K</i>-T1D2; panel <i>B</i>) or RT distracter effects (RT-T1D2 minus RT-T1D0; panel <i>C</i>). Negative CDA effects are observed when T1D2 CDA amplitude is larger than T1D0 CDA amplitude. Larger negative CDA (T1D2-T1D0) values reflect larger CDA increases when distracters are present. Larger positive distracter-related RT values reflect larger RT increases when distracters are present.</p

Example of distracters-present trial (T1D2) for the left hemifield.

<p>Example of distracters-present trial (T1D2) for the left hemifield.</p

Group means (standard deviations between brackets) of WM-capacity <i>K</i> in T1D0, T1D2 and T3D0 conditions of the VSWM change detection task for adolescents and adults in the control and ADHD groups.

<p>NB: stars indicate significant Age differences (<i>P</i> values):</p>*<p><i>P<</i>.01;</p>**<p><i>P</i><.001.</p

Scatterplots of significant correlations between behavioral and CDA measures.

<p>(A) Correlation between K_T3D0 and unnecessary storage (K- T1D0 minus K-T1D2) for all subjects. (B &C) Correlation between distracter-related parietal/occipital CDA effects (CDA_T1D2 minus CDA_T1D0) from 550–825 ms (x–axis) and unnecessary storage (K_T1D0– K_T1D2; panel B) in control and ADHD groups, or RT distractereffects (RT_T1D2 minus RT_T1D0; panel C) and unnecessary storage (K_T1D0– K_T1D2; panel E) in control and ADHD groups. Fit lines are for the whole group, colors indicate adolescents and adult groups.</p

CDA data from the VSWM change detection task.

<p>Mean CDA amplitude (standard deviations between brackets) at posterior parietal and lateral occipital electrode sites (µV) over the indicated time windows, in the three conditions for adolescents and adults in the control and ADHD groups.</p

CDA amplitudes for adults with high and low <i>K</i>-scores.

<p>Mean amplitudes between 300 and 550 ms in T1D0, T1D2 and T3D0 conditions in adults with high (N = 5) and low (N = 12) working memory capacity (WMC), determined by a <i>K</i>-T3D0 score larger or smaller than 2.4. * <i>p</i> = .087, one-tailed, ** <i>p</i><.001, one-tailed, n.s. = non-significant.</p

Demographic characteristics of the control and ADHD adolescents and adults: number of participants (total, gender, ADHD-type) and means (standard deviations between brackets, range) of Age, YSR/ASR score, IQ and Forward, Backward and Standardized Digit span scores (WAIS III).

<p>ADHD-I: inattentive type, ADHD-C: combined type.</p><p>YSR: Youth Self Report, ASR: Adults Self Report.</p><p>IQ; estimated IQ score from block design and vocabulary tests of the WISC and WAIS.</p><p>Digit Span: F = Forward, B = Backward, S = Standardized.</p><p>NB: stars indicate significant Age differences in Digit Span (<i>P</i> values): *<i>P</i><.001.</p