Two different approaches to dry-land training do not improve the water performance of swimmers

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 770-790, 2023. Literature diverges about the performance improvement after dry-land training. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the effect of two models of dry-land training. Twenty-nine swimmers were divided into three groups, combined strength and power training (PTG), only strength training (STG), and a control group (CG). Measurements were taken for six weeks, before dry-land exposure (M1), after four weeks of specific training with exposure to dry-land training by two groups (M2), and after two weeks of taper without exposure to dry-land training (M3). Strength in specific exercises, jumping tests, and 50, 100, and 200m freestyle performance were evaluated on M1 and M3, while hematological and strength parameters in tethered swimming were measured in M1, M2, and M3. PTG showed time-effect improvement for 200, 100, and 50m performance (

Body composition analysis of athletes from the elite of Brazilian soccer players Análise da composição corporal de atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the body composition and bone mineral density of elite Brazilian soccer players and compared its differences according to the player position. Eighty-two soccer players competing at Brazilian first division were split according to their field positions: Goalkeepers (GK, n= 10), Backfielders (BF, n= 10), Lateral-midfielders (LM, n= 15), Central-midfielders (CM, n= 25), Forwards (FW, n= 22), and a Control Group (CG, n= 72) of university students. To estimate fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (%FM), fat free mass of legs (FFM-Legs) and bone mineral density (BMD), a DEXA was selected. The positions LM (10.5 ± 5.2), CM (9.7 ± 4.0) and FW (9.9 ± 4.4) had lower values of FM and %FM than the GK (17.3 ± 6.0) and the control group (15.0 ± 5.3). Compared to the other positions, FFM was higher in the GK (68.2 ± 10.9) and BF (64.6 ± 6.8) (p< 0.05). All the soccer players were different from the CG (p< 0.05). Soccer players have an FFM, FFM-Legs and BMD significantly higher and FM and %FM lower than the control group. Keywords: athletes, muscle mass, bone density, DXA RESUMO Este estudo analisou a composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea de atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro e comparar as diferenças entre as posições de jogo. Oitenta e dois jogadores de futebol da primeira divisão do Brasil foram divididos de acordo com a posição de jogo. Goleiros (GL, n= 10), Defensores (DF, n= 10), Laterais (LT, n= 15), Centrais (CT, n= 25), Atacantes (AT, n= 22) e um grupo controle (CG, n= 72). Para estimar a massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG), percentual de massa gorda (%MG), massa livre de gordura de pernas (MLG-Pernas) e densidade mineral óssea (DMO), foi usado o DEXA. A posição LT (10.5 ± 5.2), CT (9.7 ± 4.0) e AT (9.9 ± 4.4) apresentaram menores valores de MG e %MG que os GL (17.3 ± 6.0) e GC (15.0 ± 5.3). Comparado a outras posições, a MLG foi maior nos GL (68.2 ± 10.9) e DF (64.6 ± 6.8) (p< 0.05). Todos os jogadores apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao grupo controle (p< 0.05). Em suma, conclui-se que atletas da elite do futebol brasileiro apresentaram significativamente maior MLG, MLG-Pernas, DMO e menor MG e %MG que o grupo controle. Palavras-chave: atletas, massa muscular; densidade mineral óssea Manuscrip

Effect of training loads on physiological parameters of soccer players

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos de três semanas de treinamentos com intensidades monitoradas sobre a capacidade aeróbia de futebolistas profissionais. Quatorze futebolistas integrantes de equipe da primeira divisão do Campeonato Brasileiro de 2010, foram avaliados pré e pós três semanas de treinamento. O limiar anaeróbio (LAn) foi determinado pelo método bi-segmentado, para isso quatro esforços submáximos de 800 metros com intensidades de 10, 12, 14 e 16 km/h foram aplicados. Trinta três sessões de treinamentos foram quantificadas em zonas de acordo com frequência cardíaca referente ao LAn (FCLAn): Z1 – 10% abaixo, Z2 – 90-100% e Z3 – acima da FCLAn. Durante os treinamentos os jogadores permaneceram 31,17±14,86%, 42,96±14,90% e 25,87±16,67% em Z1, Z2 e Z3, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no LAn (pré = 13,29 ± 0,71 km∙h-1 ; pós=12,85 ± 0,90 km∙h-1 ), percepção subjetiva de esforço correspondente ao LAn (pré = 11,53 ± 1,45 u.a; pós=11,23 ± 1,53 u.a) e FCLAn (pré = 166,64 ± 10,69 bpm; pós = 174,50 ± 10,89 bpm), indicando que três semanas de treinamento são insuficiente para gerar adaptações positivas no LAn de futebolistas.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three weeks of training with intensity monitored on the aerobic capacity of professional soccer players. Fourteen players, members of a first division Brazilian Championship team in 2010, aged 22.78 ± 3.06 years were evaluated pre and post three weeks of training. The anaerobic threshold intensity LAn was determined by bi-segmented method, for this four submaximal efforts of 800 meters with intensities 10, 12, 14 and 16 km/h were applied. Thirty three training sessions were quantified in zones according to heart rate related to the LAn (FCLAn): Z1 – 10% below, Z2 – 90-100% and Z3 – above the FCLAn. During training participants remained 31.17 ± 14.86%, 42.96% and 25.87 ± 14.90 ± 16.67% in Z1, Z2, and Z3 respectively. There were no significant differences in the LAn (pre = 13,29 ± 0,71 km∙h-1 ; post = 12,85 ± 0,90 km∙h-1 ), perceived exertion (pre = 11,53 ± 1,45 u.a; post = 11,23 ± 1,53 u.a) and FCLAn (pre = 166,64 ± 10,69 bpm; post = 174,50 ± 10,89 bpm) between conditions before and after training, indicating that three weeks of training are insufficient to generate positive changes in soccer players LAn

Anti-inflammatory response to acute exercise is related with intensity and physical fitness

Purpose: The relationship between inflammatory markers and energetic metabolism has been explored. However, the relation between exercise intensity and fitness-status is unclear and it is necessary to understand this relationship to apply specific exercise guidance. The purpose of the study was to analyze metabolic and inflammatory responses imposed by acute exercise sessions performed at moderate, heavy and severe intensities and their relationship with physical fitnessstatus. Methods: Nineteen healthy male volunteers performed three acute exercise sessions until exhaustion or up to 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer at moderate (90% of VT1), heavy (midpoint between VT1/VT2), and severe (midpoint between VT2/Wmax) intensities. Blood lactate, glucose, NEFA, endotoxin and cytokines were determined for each exercise session. Peripheral and LPS-stimulated release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were analyzed pre, post and 60-min after sessions. Results: In peripheral blood, severe intensity increased lactate, endotoxin and TNF-α immediately post-exercise and glucose at 60-min post-exercise. There was a trend for IL-10 increase at 60-min post-exercise in peripheral blood. Immediately post-exercise, LPS-stimulated TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6/IL-10 ratio and lactate levels were higher in the severe intensity while NEFA levels decreased at this time. At 60-min post-exercise higher concentrations of glucose and a trend for increased IL-10 were observed in severe intensity. Positive correlation was observed between maximal aerobic power and IL-10 (r=0.513, p=0.042) and negative correlations between maximal aerobic power and endotoxin (r=-0.531, p=0.034) and lactate (r=-0.538, p=0.031) in heavy intensity. Conclusion: Our data show a novel finding that higher cytokine responses occur at higher intensities, mainly in severe intensity. However, the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) response was physical fitness-dependent

Determinação do máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio de nadadores por meio da técnica de retro extrapolação

Due to the need to optmize the methods of anaerobic capacity determination, the aim of the present doctor thesis was validate the evaluation of accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) by the backward extrapolation technique (AODRED). For this, 25 swimmers were evaluated and four scientific works were developed. The first study aimed to compare VO2Peak and sVO2Peak of swimmers obtained after a maximal 400 m effort and free-swimming incremental test. Eleven swimmers performed a maximal 400m effort and an incremental protocol to determine both variables. Besides no difference between VO2Peak (3.86 ± 0.85 L∙min-1 vs. 4.09 ± 0.93 L∙min-1), the sVO2Peak 1.39 ± 0.12 m∙s-1 vs. 1.34 ± 0.13 m∙s-1) was higher in the incremental test. The second study aumed compare AODRED (i.e. sum of lactic and alactic metabolism) with the AOD after a maximal 400m effort. The AOD was considered as the difference between theoretical demand (TD) and aerobic contribution (Aer), while AODRED was evaluated by the sum of anaerobic metabolisms. No difference between AOD (3.29 ± 1.34 LO2) and AODRED (3.24 ± 1.56 L O2), significant correlation (r = 0.95), and low mean standard estimative error (0.04 L) were found between the methodologies. Since no difference was found, the third study aimed to verify the possibility to estimate Aer only by the use of AODRED. Six swimmers were submitted to a maximal 400m effort with snorkel. The Aer estimated by the rectangular demand (i.e. VO2Peak·effort time; AerRD) was not different from Aer (10.36 ± 1.56 L vs. 10.31 ± 1.48 L), and presented low mean error (-0.15 L). Thus, since AODRED is determined by peak lactate concentration and off transient oxygen kinetics, it would be possible the AODRED by the backward extrapolation technique. Thus, the forth study aimed to test the reliability and validity of free-swimming AODRED (i.e. backward extrapolation). For this, eight swimmers performed two 400m efforts without snorkel ...Devido à necessidade de otimização dos métodos de determinação da capacidade anaeróbia, o objetivo da presente tese de doutorado foi validar a avaliação do déficit acumulado de oxigênio (AOD) por meio da técnica de retro extrapolação (AODRED). Para isso, 25 nadadores foram avaliados e quatro trabalhos foram desenvolvidos. O primeiro trabalho objetivou comparar o VO2Pico e a vVO2Pico de nadadores obtidos após esforço máximo de 400 m e teste incremental em nado livre. Onze nadadores realizaram esforço máximo de 400m e protocolo incremental para determinar ambas variáveis. Apesar de nenhuma diferença entre VO2Pico (3.86 ± 0.85 L∙min-1 vs. 4.09 ± 0.93 L∙min-1), a vVO2Pico (1.39 ± 0.12 m∙s-1 vs. 1.34 ± 0.13 m∙s-1) foi superior durante teste incremental. O segundo trabalho objetivou comparar o AODRED (i.e. soma dos metabolismos lático e alático) com o AOD após esforço máximo de 400m. Para isso seis atletas foram submetidos à quatro exercícios submáximos e um esforço máximo de 400m. O AOD foi considerado a diferença entre a demanda teórica (DT) e a contribuição aeróbia (Aer), enquanto o AODRED foi avaliado pela soma dos metabolismos anaeróbios. Nenhuma diferença entre AOD (3.29 ± 1.34 LO2) e AODRED (3.24 ± 1.56 L O2), correlações significantes (r = 0.95) e baixo erro médio de estimativa (0.04 L) foram encontrados entre as metodologias. Haja vista que nenhuma diferença foi encontrada, o terceiro estudo objetivou verificar a possibilidade de se estimar a Aer apenas pelo uso do AODRED. Seis nadadores foram submetidos à um esforço máximo de 400m com snórquel. A Aer estimada pela demanda retangular (i.e. VO2Pico·tempo de esforço; AerRD) não foi diferente da Aer (10.36 ± 1.56 L vs. 10.31 ± 1.48 L), além de apresentar baixo erro médio (-0.15 L). Dessa forma, como o AODRED é determinado pelas concentrações pico de lactato e cinética off do consumo de oxigênio, seria possível avaliar o...Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Efeitos de uma pré temporada em parâmetros anaeróbios e comparação de parâmetros aeróbios e anaeróbios de futebolistas de diferentes categorias

O presente estudo investigou desempenho em saltos verticais e em teste de wingate (TW) de jogadores de futebol profissional no início da temporada e após 7 semanas de treinamento. Treze jogadores profissionais de futebol participantes da segunda divisão do campeonato paulista, foram avaliados no início da pré temporada (T1) e após 07 semanas (T2) de treinamento. Os jogadores realizaram testes de saltos verticais: squat jump (SJ) e countermovement jump (CMJ), índice de força reativa (IFR=CMJ-SJ) e TW, potência pico (PP), média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). Após o TW, foram coletados 25 μl de sangue do lóbulo da orelha no 7º, 9º e 11º minuto para determinação da concentração pico de lactato ([Lac]). A comparação entre as variáveis foi realizada pelo teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, sendo adotado o nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Foram observadas melhoras significantes no SJ (T1= 32,76 ± 3,88; T2= 38,03 ± 5,49), CMJ (T1= 37,76 ± 4,88; T2= 40,86 ± 5,62), PP (T1= 10,97 ± 0,90; T2= 12,32 ± 1,12) e PM (T1= 8,34 ± 0,82; T2= 9,78 ± 0,99), respectivamente. No entanto, alterações no IF e [Lac] não foram...The present study investigated vertical jump and wingate test (TW) performance of soccer players in the beginning of season and after 7 weeks of training. Thirteen professional second division soccer players from the Paulista championship were tested on the beginning of the pre-season (T1) and after seven weeks (T2) of training. The players were submitted to vertical jump tests: squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive force index (IFR=CMJ-SJ) and TW, peak power (PP), mean power (PM) and fatigue index (IF). After TW, 25 μl blood was collected from the earlobe on the 7º, 9º and 11º minute to determine the highest blood lactate concentration ([Lac]). Comparison between variables was performed by Students’ t test for dependent sample, with a significance level of 5%. Were found significant improvements on SJ (T1= 32,76 ± 3,88; T2= 38,03 ± 5,49), CMJ (T1= 37,76 ± 4,88; T2= 40,86 ± 5,62), PP (T1= 10,97 ± 0,90; T2= 12,32 ± 1,12) e PM (T1= 8,34 ± 0,82; T2= 9,78 ± 0,99), respectively. Nevertheless, IF and [Lac] changes were ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Body composition analysis of athletes from the elite of Brazilian soccer players

<p class="ResumoAbstract"><span lang="EN-US">This study analyzed the body composition and bone mineral density of elite Brazilian soccer players and compared its differences according to the player position. Eighty-two soccer players competing at Brazilian first division were split according to their field positions: Goalkeepers (GK, n= 10), Back-fielders (BF, n= 10), Lateral-mid</span><span>fi</span><span lang="EN-US">elders (LM, n= 15), Central-mid</span><span>fi</span><span lang="EN-US">elders (CM, n= 25), Forwards (FW, n= 22), and a Control Group (CG, n= 72) of university students. To estimate fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (%FM), fat free mass of legs (FFM-Legs) and bone mineral density (BMD), a DE</span><span lang="EN-US">XA was selected. The positions LM (10.5 ± 5.2), CM (9.7 ± 4.0) and FW (9.9 ± 4.4) had lower values of FM and %FM than the GK (17.3 ± 6.0) and the control group (15.0 ± 5.3). Compared to the other positions, FFM was higher in the GK (68.2 ± 10.9) and BF (64.6 ± 6.8) (<em>p</em>&lt; 0.05). All the soccer players were different from the CG (<em>p</em>&lt; 0.05). Soccer players have an FFM, FFM-Legs and BMD significantly higher and FM and %FM lower than the control group.</span></p

Comparação entre diferentes métodos para estimativa de gordura corporal de ciclistas brasileiros de elite

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar diferentes métodos de estimativa de gordura corporal em ciclistas de elite. A amostra foi composta por 15 atletas de alto nível, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 28,6 anos. Gordura corporal foi estimada pela equação para espessura de dobras cutâneas (EDC), análise da bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) e absortometria de radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA) (utilizada como referência). O teste t pareado comparou as diferenças entre os métodos e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse analisou o relacionamento entre os mesmos. Foi observado que os valores do percentual de gordura corporal estimado pela BIA (p= 0,029), mas não o estimado pela EDC (p= 0,094) diferiram das estimativas da DEXA. Dessa maneira, é possível concluir que EDC apresentou estimativas mais próximas daquelas fornecidas pelo DEXA.The present study aimed at comparing different methods to estimate the body fatness of elite athletes. The sample consisted of 15 male elite athletes with mean age of 28.6 years. The body fatness was estimated by the skinfold (EDC), bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (reference). The paired t-tests compared the differences among methods, and the intraclass correlation coefficient analyzed the relationship among them. BIA (p= 0.029) overestimated the body fatness provided by DEXA, but EDC (p= 0.094) did not overestimate. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that EDC presented the body fatness similar to DEXA

Relacionamento de diferentes domínios da atividade física habitual com indicadores de risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens do sexo masculino Relationship of different physical activity domains with cardiovascular risk factors among male adults

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prática de atividade física por jovens saudáveis em diferentes segmentos (trabalho, lazer e esportes) e relacionar com indicadores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 32 estudantes de Educação Física, com idade media de 22,6 anos. A adiposidade corporal foi analisada através de circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e impedância bioelétrica. Adicionalmente, valores de glicemia em jejum (10-12 horas), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram coletados. O nível de envolvimento com atividades Físicas foi avaliado por meio de questionário desenvolvido por Baecke et al. (1982). RESULTADOS: As atividades esportivas e de tempo livre não se relacionaram estatisticamente com os indicadores de risco cardiovascular. Porém, as atividades realizadas no trabalho (%GC, PAS e PAD) a somatória de todos os domínios investigados (PAD e Glicemia) relacionaram-se negativamente com os mesmos. CONCLUSÃO: Diferentes domínios da atividade física devem ser considerados quando se analisa o efeito da mesma sobre indicadores de saúde.<br>OBJECTIVES: To analyze different physical activities domains in healthy adults and correlate with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: The sample was composed by 32 Physical Education undergraduate students, with mean age of 22.6 years old. Adiposity was assessed by waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance. Additionally, fast glucose (10-12 hours), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed. Physical activity level was assessed by questionnaire (Baecke et al., 1982). RESULTS: sports activities and leisure time were not related with cardiovascular risk factors. However, job activities were negatively related with %BF, SBP and DBP. CONCLUSION: Different physical activity domains should be considered when analyzing its associations with health indicators