Síntese fotoinduzida de calcogenoacetilenos

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um novo método para a obtenção de calcogenoacetilenos a partir de haloalcinos e disseleneto de fenila,através de um mecanismo radicalar promovido pela excitação de luz visível. Na otimização reacional, o composto selenoacetilenofoi sintetizado a partir do 1-bromoetinilbenzeno e disseleneto de fenila, empregando um sistema fotoinduzido, ambientalmente adequado, de custo reduzido e livre de metais.Nas melhores condições reacionais, obteve-se conversão de 67 % noselenoacetileno de interesse, com 56 % de rendimento isolado, a partir de reagentes de baixo custo e fácil disponibilidade em laboratórios de pesquisa, sendo um método promissor para a obtenção de calcogenoacetilenos.In this work, a new methodology was developed to obtain chalcogenoacetylenes from haloalkynes and diaryldichalcogenides, through a radical mechanism promoted by visible-light. For the reaction optimization, selenoacetylene was synthesized from bromoalkyne and diphenyl diselenide, employing a low cost and free-metal photoinduced system, environmentally friendly. In the best reaction conditions, the selenoacetylene was obtained with conversion of 67 %, and 56 % of isolated yield. The methodology employs low coast and easily avaible reagents, being a promising method to obtain chalcogenoacetylenes

Uma nova rota sintética fotoinduzida para obtenção de selenoacetilenos utilizando o líquido iônico [bmim]BF4- como solvente

A utilização de energia luminosa para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e novas rotas sintéticas têm se mostrado promissor, visto o crescente interesse e aumento no número de publicações acerca do tema. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia sintética alternativa para obtenção de calcogenoacetilenos, a partir da reação entre haloalcinos e dicalcogenetos de arila através de um mecanismo radicalar promovido por luz visível, utilizando um líquido iônico, o [BMIm]BF4-, como solvente reacional. Dessa forma, com o emprego de um sistema fotoinduzido utilizando a luz visível como fonte de energia renovável, em adição ao uso de um solvente ambientalmente adequado, sob condições brandas e livre de metais e/ou aditivos, os compostos calcogenoacetilenos de interesse foram obtidos através de um novo método que visa preconizar os princípios da química verde.The use of light energy source for the development of new products and new synthetic routes is promising, given the growing interest and the increasing number of publications about this subject. In this work, a new alternative synthetic methodology was developed to obtain chalcogenoacetylenes from the reaction between haloalkynes and aryl dichalcogenides through a radical mechanism promoted by visible-light, using the ionic liquid [BMIm]BF4- as the reaction solvent. Thus, with the use of photoinduced system, with visible light being a renewable energy source, in addition to the use of na environmentally suitable solvent, under mild conditions and in absence of metals and additives, the calcogenoacetylenes compounds of interest were obtained in moderate yields through a new method concerned the principles of green chemistry

DETERMINAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL ANTIFÚNGICO DE SAIS IMIDAZÓLICOS DICATIÔNICOS SINTETIZADOS

1

Digestibilidade de ingredientes em dietas para juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri)

The objective of this work was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of six ingredients, in practical and purified reference diets, and to assess the influence of these reference diets on the digestibility of the ingredients in pacman catfish juveniles. The following ingredients were evaluated: fish meal, meat and bone meal, soybean meal, roasted whole soybean, wheat meal, and corn protenose. There was interaction between the reference diet and the studied ingredients. The purified diet provided higher ADC for crude protein and gross energy. Pacman catfish showed high ADC for protein ingredients of vegetable origin for the two reference diets.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de seis ingredientes, em dietas‑referência prática e purificada, e determinar a influência das dietas‑referência sobre a digestibilidade dos ingredientes em juvenis de pacamã. Avaliaram-se os seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farelo de soja, soja integral tostada, farelo de trigo e protenose de milho. Houve interação entre a dieta‑referência e os ingredientes estudados. A dieta purificada proporcionou maior CDA quanto à proteína bruta e energia bruta. O pacamã apresentou CDAs elevados quanto aos ingredientes proteicos de origem vegetal, nas duas dietas‑referência.

Imidazolium salts as an alternative for anti-Leishmania drugs: Oxidative and immunomodulatory activities

In this study we explored the previously established leishmanicidal activity of a complementary set of 24 imidazolium salts (IS), 1-hexadecylimidazole (C16Im) and 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (C16PyrCl) against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Promastigotes of L. amazonensis and L. infantum chagasi were incubated with 0.1 to 100 μM of the compounds and eight of them demonstrated leishmanicidal activity after 48 h – C10MImMeS (IC50L. amazonensis = 11.6), C16MImPF6(IC50L. amazonensis = 6.9), C16MImBr (IC50L. amazonensis = 6), C16M2ImCl (IC50L. amazonensis = 4.1), C16M4ImCl (IC50L. amazonensis = 1.8), (C10)2MImCl (IC50L. amazonensis = 1.9), C16Im (IC50L. amazonensis = 14.6), and C16PyrCl (IC50L. amazonensis = 4).The effect of IS on reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane integrity and morphological alterations of promastigotes was determined, as well as on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. Their cytotoxicity against macrophages and human erythrocytes was also evaluated. The IS C10MImMeS, C16MImPF6, C16MImBr, C16M2ImCl, C16M4ImCl and (C10)2MImCl, and the compounds C16Im and C16PyrCl killed and inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L. amazonensis and L. infantum chagasi in a concentration-dependent manner, contributing to a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of IS against Leishmania. These IS induced ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane disruption and morphological alterations in infective forms of L. amazonensis and killed intracellular amastigote forms in very low concentrations (IC50 amastigotes ≤ 0.3), being potential drug candidates against L. amazonensis

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis