Association between coverage and UniFrac distances at different coverage.

<p>(A) Weighted and (B) unweighted UniFrac distances. For ‘Between individuals’ each data point includes 36 distances calculated from 6 samples of individual B and 6 samples of individual C. For ‘Within same individual’ each data point includes 18 distances (9 within sample B and 9 within sample C). Mean ± SD.</p

UniFrac distances between different PCR conditions.

<p>(A) Weighted and (B) unweighted UniFrac distances. UniFrac distances were calculated between the most used PCR condition (annealing temperature: 55°C and the number of cycle: 25 cycles) and three PCR conditions; the same PCR condition (technical replication), the PCR condition of more cycles (55°C and 35 cycles), and the PCR condition of lower annealing temperature (50°C and 25 cycles). * p<0.05, ** p<0.01</p

UniFrac distances between sequencing methods.

<p>(A) Weighted and (B) unweighted UniFrac distances. Reads by 454 Standard chemistry were compared with technical replicates of the same DNAs sequenced by 454 Standard chemistry (Standard), with 454 Titanium chemistry (no trim), and with 454 Titanium chemistry with sequences trimmed at 270 bp (trim). ** p<0.01, **** p<0.0001</p

Association between coverage and the number of OTUs.

<p>(A) The number of OTUs sampled as a function of number of reads. The data points represent mean ± SD of five randomized samplings. (B) Coverage to detect OTU with different frequencies with ≥95% of confidence. The data points were estimated based on the binomial distribution (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016952#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). The x axis is shown in logarithmic scale.</p

UniFrac distances between the seven biopsies and two sampling types of stools.

<p>Weighted distances are shown in the cells below the diagonal and unweighted distances are shown above the diagonal. Significance was tested with each UniFrac distance between that of two extractions from the same anatomic region (Mean ± SD, weighted: 0.084±0.027, unweighted: 0.415±0.068).</p><p>* p<0.05,</p><p>** p<0.01,</p><p>*** p<0.001,</p><p>**** p<0.0001. Significant p values after Bonferroni correction ( =  1.67×10⁻³) are underlined.</p

Proportion of the top 4 bacterial classes in the six biopsies of two individuals by different extraction kits (Mini Kit and Stool Kit).

<p>Proportion of the top 4 bacterial classes in the six biopsies of two individuals by different extraction kits (Mini Kit and Stool Kit).</p

The Nigerian market: fuelling conflict or contributing to peace.

The informality of Nigeria's agricultural produce trade has the potential to promote both cooperation and conflict. The food marketing chains are complex networks extending across the country, and often involve diverse ethnic, religious and social groups. Nonetheless, there is potential for a range of trade-related issues to lead to conflict and for extra-trade tensions related to broader structural issues to spill over and erupt in trade contexts. However, market interactions and trading relationships may also facilitate reconciliation because disputing groups need to work together to secure their individual livelihoods. Moreover, market spaces are important potential mediation spaces precisely because they bring conflict related groups together, especially in boundary regions. Particular individuals - including women traders - may act as crucial "connectors" in this respect, linking diverse ethnic and other interest groups