Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (cut off 17%, 95% CI) for serum samples from people with a diagnosis of <i>Opisthorchis felineus</i> infection confirmed by the detection of <i>O. felineus</i> eggs in their stool, serum samples from <i>Opisthorchis</i> sp. -free people, and serum samples from people suffering from other parasitic or non-parasitic infections.^a

a<p>Sensitivity = 100% (95% CI: 97.45–100%), it was calculated as TP/(TP+FN); Specificity = 90.27% (95% CI: 85.63–93.80%), it was calculated as TN/(TN+FP);</p>c<p>Positive predictive value = 86.75% (95% CI: 80.62–91.50%), it was calculated as TP/(TP+FP); Negative predictive value = 100% (95% CI: 98.19–100%), it was calculated as TN/(TN+FN). TP, TN, FP, and FN are the numbers of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives, respectively.</p

Descriptive indices of ELISA results to detect anti-<i>Opisthorchis</i> IgG in sera from persons with a confirmed diagnosis of opisthorchiasis (infected), and from healthy persons (non-infected).

<p>Descriptive indices of ELISA results to detect anti-<i>Opisthorchis</i> IgG in sera from persons with a confirmed diagnosis of opisthorchiasis (infected), and from healthy persons (non-infected).</p

ELISA reproducibility.

<p>Data from three <i>Opisthorchis</i>-positive (N. 1–3) and six <i>Opisthorchis</i>-negative (N. 4–9) serum samples corresponding to eight different working sessions.</p

Scatter plot of the differences between the optical density (OD) of the serum duplicates and their means.

<p>OD was recorded at 450 nm.</p

MALDI-MS analysis of affinity purified endogenous and transgenic g14-3-3 proteins from Drosophila.

<p>A) Western blot analyses of GST-difopein purified 14-3-3s (1∶10) from wild type flies and His-g14-3-3 -expressing transgenic flies and the relevant controls (WB-C6 for <i>Giardia</i> and w¹¹¹⁸ for flies) were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE, blotted and the membranes probed with the indicated antibodies. The AXO49 mAb detecting the <i>Giardia</i> polyglycylated protein did not cross react with the fly isoforms, which are detected with the anti-pan14-3-3 antibody, while the transgenic g14-3-3 protein is detectable with the anti-His in fly lysates. TR denotes trophozoite lysates, while ENC indicates lysates from 12hr encysting parasites. MALDI-MS spectra of the transgenic His-g14-3-3 (B) and the endogenous Drosophila D14-3-3ε (C) and Leo (D) encompassing the MH⁺ range of 1400-3600. Mono-isotopic masses of relevant peaks are shown. Peptides are indicated by the positions of their NH₂- and C-termini and numbered as in the protein sequence. For each protein, the analysis of phosphorylation is reported on the left panels and the analysis of C-terminal polyglycylation is reported on the right panels. Only peaks corresponding to the unmodified peptides were visible and reported here.</p

Functional consequences of exogenous 14-3-3 expression in <i>Giardia</i> and <i>Drosophila</i>.

<p>A) The number of trophozoites, encysting parasites and cysts expressing the FLAG-tagged <i>Drosophila</i> 14-3-3s were estimated by co-staining with anti-CWP and anti-FLAG antibodies after 12 h of growth in encysting medium and counting. Their numbers were compared to those of similarly cultured parasites expressing g14-3-3-FLAG. Results from three independent experiments are reported and the bars represent the total number of cells observed (approximately 1000 parasites per experiment/transfected line) and the error is represented as the standard deviation. B) The number of adult flies homozygous for the null mutation <i>D14-3-3ε^ex4</i> alone or expressing g14-3-3 ubiquitously is reported relative to controls arbitrarily set to 100. Error bars are standard errors of the mean. C) Semi-quantitative Western blots from late embryonic extracts of the levels of endogenous Drosophila 14-3-3s in homozygotes for the <i>D14-3-3ε^ex4</i> mutation alone or expressing g14-3-3 ubiquitously. Both anti-Leo and anti-D14-3-3ε antibodies were applied simultaneously. The level of Tubulin in the lysates was used to control for loading. The ratio of each endogenous 14-3-3 to Tub in control animals was arbitrarily set to 1 and similarly calculated ratios in the experimental genotypes are reported relative to it. The blot is representative of three in total and error bars in the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean.</p

Selective heterodimerization of <i>Giardia</i> and <i>Drosophila</i> 14-3-3s.

<p>A) Coomassie stained 12% SDS-PAGE of affinity purified FLAG-tagged 14-3-3s from transfected Giardia and WB-C6 controls. The expected position of the endogenous g14-3-3 and FLAG-tagged proteins is indicated. The lower band visible in the FLAG-D14-3-3ε was identified as D14-3-3ε, representing a proteolytic product likely at N-terminus. B) Western blot analysis using 1∶10 of the affinity purified FLAG-tagged 14-3-3s separated on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The membrane was sequentially probed with anti-FLAG mAb (left panel) and then with the N14 anti-g14-3-3 serum. Untransfected WB-C6 were used as controls. C) Western blot analysis using 1∶10 of the affinity purified His-tagged g14-3-3 separated on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The transgenic protein was expressed either throughout the adult fly (TubG4) or specifically in the CNS (ElavG4). For the CNS expressed protein adult head lysates were used exclusively. The expected locations of the endogenous Drosophila proteins are indicated. Both blots were probed simultaneously with the anti-Leo and anti-D14-3-3ε antibodies. Driver alone heterozygotes (TubG4>+ or ElavG4>+) were used as controls. D) Whole fly lysates from the indicated control and His-g14-3-3 expressing animals were cross-linked with BS³. Complexes were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE without (left two panels) or after His-tag affinity purification through Ni beads and the blots probed with the indicated antibodies. The membranes were probed with the indicated antibodies. The expected electrophoretic mobilities of monomers and dimers are indicated.</p

Model making a conscious decision by the bank to participate in money laundering

На мікрорівні (тобто на рівні окремого суб’єкта господарювання) легалізація коштів, отриманих злочинним шляхом, є джерелом прибутків і ризиків окремих суб’єктів. Саме тому під час дослідження процесів легалізації кримінальних доходів на макрорівні розглядається функція максимізації корисності особи, залученої до даного процесу. Згідно з традиційною теорією, власник фінансових активів розміщує їх відповідно до очікуваного прибутку та відповідних ризиків. У випадку особи, що легалізує кошти, отримані злочинним шляхом, очікуваний прибуток порівнюється з конфіденційністю (а саме з тим, що інформація про таку особу буде надана правоохоронним і податковим органам) як окремим фактором, а також імовірністю та суворістю застосування санкцій

Cross species expression and subcellular localization of 14-3-3 proteins.

<p>A) Expression of <i>Drosophila</i> 14-3-3s in <i>Giardia</i>. Approximately 7 µg of proteins extracted from transfected trophozoites (T, or Troph.) and 12 hr encysting parasites (Encyst.) were separated on 12,5% SDS-PAGE, transferred onto a PVDF membrane and probed with anti-FLAG mAb. Untransfected WB-C6 and the g14-3-3 transgenic line were used as controls. B) Expression of g14-3-3 in <i>Drosophila</i>. Two adult flies per genotype were homogenized in 50µl Laemmli buffer and 10µl homogenate per lane was resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a PVDF membrane and probed with the indicated antibodies. The neuronal protein Syntaxin (syx) was used to ascertain equal loading. The <i>w¹¹¹⁸</i> strain, parental to the tranformants was used as control. C) Subcellular localization of the FLAG-tagged <i>Drosophila</i> 14-3-3s compared to g14-3-3-FLAG in <i>Giardia</i> trophozoites and 12h encysting parasites encysting parasite. Parasites were stained with Cy3-conjugated anti-FLAG mAb (red), rabbit anti-g14-3-3 serum (N14) followed by Alexa Fluor-488 anti-rabbit (green) or with FITC-conjugated anti-CWP mAb (green), and with DAPI (blue). Transmission light acquisition (T). Scale bars, 2.5 µm. D) g14-3-3 expression in Drosophila embryonic and adult neurons as indicated. The neuronal-specific nuclear protein Elav is red (rat anti-Elav revealed by anti-rat Alexa Fluor-555), while g14-3-3-His is green (mouse anti-His revealed by anti-mouse Alexa Fluor-488). The arrow points to an embryonic motor neuron axon which contains only the cytoplasmic His-g14-3-3. The far right panel is a magnification of the middle panel revealing g14-3-3 expression in adult mushroom body neurons.</p

Multiple Sequence alignment of 14-3-3 proteins.

<p><i>Homo sapiens</i> 14-3-3epsilon (h14-3-3ε, accession number P62258.) and 14-3-3zeta (h14-3-3ζ, P29312); <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> D14-3-3epsilon (D14-3-3ε, P92177) and Leonardo II (LeoII, P29310-2); <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> 14-3-3 (g14-3-3, AAZ91664.1). Invariant or conserved amino-acids are boxed in black, those conserved in at least two proteins are highlighted in gray and divergent ones are left unboxed. Dashes indicate gaps. Stars indicate residues that in the human 14-3-3zeta form salt bridges involved in N-terminal dimerization (Arg¹⁸-Glu⁸⁹, Glu⁵-Lys⁷⁴, and Asp²¹-Lys⁸⁵).</p