Poultry offal meal in broiler chicken feed

An outstanding feature of poultry production that provides animal protein yield for human feeding is its short production cycle. This characteristic has a linear relationship with waste production. Increasing the inclusion of this residue in diets in the near future is desirable in step with the growth of poultry production since it offers a better environmental and nutritional alternative to current methods. We evaluated the effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens produced by the inclusion of poultry offal meal (POM) in their feed. Treatments consisted of a control diet (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max) and four diets with inclusion of 30, 60, 90 and 120 g kg-1 of POM. The diets were formulated based on the level of digestible amino acid once categorized as isocalcic, isophosphoric, isosodic, isoenergetic and isonutritive for protein, methionine+cystine, lysine and threonine. The feed's electrolytes were corrected so that each diet had the same electrolytic balance. The variables analyzed were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body weight, carcass yield, chicken cut yield and abdominal fat. Feed intake was not affected by the quantities of POM added. The weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and noble cuts presented quadratic responses to the treatments. Abdominal fat increased linearly. The performance of the poultry, and carcass characteristics were maximized by the inclusion of 53 and 65 g kg-1, respectively, of POM in the diet, and the inclusion of 120 g kg-1 of POM provided greater disposition of abdominal fat

Nutritional evaluation of poultry offal meal and the use in dietsof broilers

Os experimentos foram realizados com os objetivos de determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais de farinhas de vísceras de aves (FVA) para frangos de corte.Inicialmente, analisou-se a composição de três FVAs e dois ensaios foram realizados; um para determinar a taxa de passagem e outro para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente e verdadeira corrigida (EMAn e EMVn). As FVAs apresentaram uma média de: 93,34% de matéria seca, 62,73% para proteína bruta (PB), 15,42% de extrato etéreo (EE), 5.200 kcal/kg de energia bruta (EB), e 10,18; 2,61; 1,37; 0,47; 0,59 e 0,78% para matéria mineral (MM), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), sódio (Na), cloro (Cl) e potássio (K), respectivamente. A densidade foi cerca de 457,64 g/L e o diâmetro geométrico médio de 639,09 μm. A Taxa de passagem da FVA se correlacionou-se (r = -99,86%) com o teor de EE. As farinhas apresentaram valores de: 3.996; 3.770 e 4.167 kcal/kg de EMAn e 4.016; 3.794 e 4.187 kcal/kg para EMVn, para as FVA A, B e C, respectivamente. Outra pesquisa foi realizada e consistiu em um levantamento bibliográfico, considerando apenas os trabalhos publicados sobre FVA desenvolvidos no Brasil, para gerar modelos de predição dos valores de EMAn e EMVn. Equações foram elaboradas para FVAs com teor médio de EE (EMAn = -2315,69+31,4439(PB)+29,7697(MM)+0,7689(EB)-49,3611(Ca), R² = 0,72), com altos teores de EE (EMAn = +3245,07+ 46,8428(EE), R² = 0,76) e altos teores de MM (EMAn = 4059,15-440,397(P), R² = 0,82). Para estimar os valores EMVn, duas equações foram obtidas: uma para alto teor de MM (EMVn = 5092,57-115,647(MM),R² = 0,78) e outra para baixo teor (EMVn = 3617,83-15,7988(PB)-18,2323(EE)- 96,3884(MM)+0,4874(EB), R² = 0,76). Um último experimento foi realizado para verificar os efeitos da inclusão da FVA nas dietas de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça. O ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres mostraram resposta quadrática. A gordura abdominal aumentou linearmente. O desempenho zootécnico das aves e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres foram maximizados com a inclusão de 5,3% e 6,5% da farinha de vísceras de aves na dieta, respectivamente.The experiments were conducted with the purpose of determining the values of energy and nutritional of poultry offal meal (POM) for broiler chickens. Initially was analyzed the composition of three POM and two trials were conducted, one for determining the rate of passage and another to determine the apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected (AMEn and TMEn). The POMs had an average of: 93.34% dry matter, 62.73% for crude protein (CP), 15.42% ether extract (EE), 5200 kcal / kg gross energy (GE) and 10 , 18, 2.61, 1.37, 0.47, 0.59 and 0.78% for mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K), respectively. The density was about 457.64 g/L and geometric mean diameter of 639.09 μm. The rate of passage of FVA is correlated (r = -99.86%) with the level of EE. Flour showed values of: 3996, 3770 and 4167 kcal / kg for AMEn and 4016, 3794 and 4187 kcal/kg for TMEn for the POM A, B and C, respectively. Another search was conducted and consisted of a bibliography revision, considering only the works published on FVA developed in Brazil, to generate models to predict the values of AMEn and TMEn. Equations were developed for POMs with medium EE content (AMEn = -2315.69 +31.4439(PB)+29.7697(MM)+0.7689(EB)-49.3611(Ca), R ² = 0,72), with high levels of EE (AMEn = +3245.07+46.8428(EE), R² = 0.76) and high levels of MM (AMEn = 4059,15-440397(P), R² = 0,82). To estimate the values TMEn, two equations were obtained: one for high levels of MM (TMEn = 5092,57-115647 (MM), R ² = 0.78) and another for low (TMEn = 3617,83-15,7988(PB)-18.2323(EE)-96.3884(MM) +0.4874 (EB), R² = 0.76). A final experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion of FVA in the diets of broiler chickens on performance and carcass characteristics. Weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and weights showed quadratic response. The abdominal fat increased linearly. The performance of livestock and poultry carcass yield and weights were maximized with the inclusion of 5.3% and 6.5% of poultry offal meal in the diet, respectively.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

Modelos de crescimento e das respostas de frangas de postura submetidas a diferentes ingestões de aminoácidos sulfurados

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) modelar o crescimento e estimar a eficiência de utilização da metionina+cistina (Met+Cis); 2) Comparar as técnicas de abate comparativo (AC) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN) e verificar o efeito sobre a estimativa das exigências de Met+Cis; 3) desenvolver um modelo dinâmico para estimar as exigências diárias de Met+Cis com base na máxima deposição de nitrogênio; 4) Elaborar um modelo para estimar as exigências de Met+Cis nas fases de crescimento e pré-postura; 5) Modelar as respostas à ingestão de Met+Cis por diferentes funções matemáticas. Para atender o objetivo 1, foram utilizados dados de peso corporal, consumo de Met+Cis, composição química do corpo livre de penas (CLP) e das penas de 1.200 aves de quatro linhagens postura em crescimento. Para o objetivo 2, foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 168 frangas Dekalb White. O nitrogênio ingerido, excretado e depositado foram obtidos pelo AC e BN. O objetivo 3 foi obtido modelando as respostas assintóticas de nitrogênio ingerido e deposido em função da idade. Para o objetivo 4 foram utilizadas respostas de ingestão e deposições de Met+Cis e informações do crescimento do corpo, penas e órgãos reprodutivos. No o objetivo 5, 10 funções foram ajustadas às respostas de ingestão de Met+Cis e ganho de peso. As conclusões obtidas foram: com base nas curvas de crescimento, deposição e consumo de Met+Cis a eficiência de utilização foi estimada em 72%. As técnicas de AC e BN estimaram exigências de Met+Cis similares. O modelo dinâmico permitiu estimativas das exigências de Met+Cis para minimizar o custo das rações ou otimizar o desempenho zootécnico. A introdução do crescimento dos órgãos no modelo proporcionou estimativas mais precisas das exigências de Met+Cis para fase de pré-postura. As funções selecionadas estimaram as exigências Met+Cis em 313, 381 e 318 mg/ave/dia para obter maximar o ganho de pesoThe objectives of this research were: 1) to model the pullet growth and estimate the efficiency of utilization of methionine+cystine (Met+Cys), 2) to compare the nitrogen balance (NB) and comparative slaughter techniques (CS) and verify the effect on the estimated requirements of Met+Cys, 3) to develop a dynamic model to estimate the daily requirements of Met+Cys based on maximum nitrogen deposition, 4) to develop a model to estimate the requirements of Met+Cys on growth phases and pre-posture, 5) to use models to describe the effect of Met+Cys intake by different mathematical functions. To attend the objective 1, the following variables were evaluated: body weight, Met+Cys intake, chemical composition of the feathers and the feather-free body in 1,200 pullets of four strains in growth. For the second objective, it was carried out three trials using 168 Dekalb White pullets and it was evaluated: the nitrogen intake, excreted and deposited, obtained by CS and NB techniques. The third objective was attended by modeling asymptotic responses of nitrogen consumed and deposited in function of age. For the fourth objective, were used responses of intake and deposition of Met+Cys, body growth, feathers and reproductive organs. To the fifth objective, 10 functions were fitted to the responses of Met+Cys intake and weight gain. The conclusions obtained were: based on the growth curves, consumption and deposition of Met+Cys, the efficiency of utilization was estimated in 72%. The CS and NB techniques estimated similar values for Met+Cys requirements. The dynamic model estimate requirements of Met+Cys to minimize the feed cost or enhance the egg pullet performance. The addition of organs growth in the model provided the best estimates of Met+Cis requirements for pre-posture. The requirement of 313, 381 and 318 mg/bird/day of Met+Cys was provided by selected functions to maximize pullet weight gainConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Population Dynamics and Growth Rates of Endosymbionts During Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae) Ontogeny

The infection density of symbionts is among the major parameters to understand their biological effects in host-endosymbionts interactions. Diaphorina citri harbors two bacteriome-associated bacterial endosymbionts (Candidatus Carsonella ruddii and Candidatus Profftella armatura), besides the intracellular reproductive parasite Wolbachia. In this study, the density dynamics of the three endosymbionts associated with the psyllid D. citri was investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) at different developmental stages. Bacterial density was estimated by assessing the copy number of the 16S rRNA gene for Carsonella and Profftella, and of the ftsZ gene for Wolbachia. Analysis revealed a continuous growth of the symbionts during host development. Symbiont growth and rate curves were estimated by the Gompertz equation, which indicated a negative correlation between the degree of symbiont-host specialization and the time to achieve the maximum growth rate (t*). Carsonella densities were significantly lower than those of Profftella at all host developmental stages analyzed, even though they both displayed a similar trend. The growth rates of Wolbachia were similar to those of Carsonella, but Wolbachia was not as abundant. Adult males displayed higher symbiont densities than females. However, females showed a much more pronounced increase in symbiont density as they aged if compared to males, regardless of the incorporation of symbionts into female oocytes and egg laying. The increased density of endosymbionts in aged adults differs from the usual decrease observed during host aging in other insect-symbiont systems.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Valores energéticos do gérmen integral de milho para aves de postura

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nível de substituição do gérmen integral de milho (GIM) sobre os valores energéticos obtidos pelos métodos de Matterson e da regressão. Foram utilizadas 120 aves com 45 semanas de idade, da linhagem Embrapa 051. O ensaio foi delineado inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 4 aves. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela ração referência (RR) e quatro níveis de substituição da RR (10, 20, 30 e 40% pelo GIM). Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. As variáveis analisadas foram: energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), tempo (TP) e taxa de passagem (TxP) do GIM. A relação entre as variáveis e os níveis de GIM foi estudada por análise de regressão. O tempo e a taxa de passagem foram afetados linearmente pelo nível de substituição do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn foram reduzidos com o aumento do nível de substituição até 31,4 e 32,2% de GIM, respectivamente. O método da regressão proporcionou melhores estimativas para EMA e EMAn do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn do GIM para aves de postura foram 5,161 e 5,066 kcal g-1, respectivamente