14 research outputs found

    Postnatal Guinea Pig Brain Development, as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging

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    This study used in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify age dependent brain structural characteristics in Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Anatomical T2-weighted images, diffusion kurtosis (DKI) imaging, and T2 relaxometry measures were acquired from a cohort of male guinea pigs from postnatal day (PND) 18–25 (juvenile) to PND 46–51 (adolescent) and PND 118–123 (young adult). Whole-brain diffusion measures revealed the distinct effects of maturation on the microstructural complexity of the male guinea pig brain. Specifically, fractional anisotropy (FA), as well as mean, axial, and radial kurtosis in the corpus callosum, amygdala, dorsal-ventral striatum, and thalamus significantly increased from PND 18–25 to PND 118–123. Age-related alterations in DKI measures within these brain regions paralleled the overall alterations observed in the whole brain. Age-related changes in FA and kurtosis in the gray matter-dominant parietal cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus were less pronounced than in the other brain regions. The regional data analysis revealed that between-age changes of diffusion kurtosis metrics were more pronounced than those observed in diffusion tensor metrics. The age-related anatomical differences reported here may be important determinants of the age-dependent neurobehavior of guinea pigs in different tasks

    Indução de resistência do mamoeiro à podridão radicular por indutores bióticos e abióticos Resistance induction to root rot in papaya by biotic and abiotic elicitors

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do uso de indutores de resistência bióticos e abióticos na redução da podridão radicular em mamoeiro. Mudas de mamoeiro foram pulverizadas com os fungicidas fosetil-Al, metalaxil e Mancozeb (2 g L-1), com os indutores abióticos fosfito de potássio (2,5 e 5 mL L-1), ácido salicílico 0,15 e 0,30%, Reforce (indutor comercial) + ácido salicílico a 5%, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (0,15 e 0,30 g L-1), e com o indutor biótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 e 6 mL L-1), três e seis dias antes da pulverização de 1 mL de suspensão de 10(5) zoósporos mL-1 de Phytophthora palmivora. Todos os tratamentos tiveram efeito no controle da podridão de raízes em relação à testemunha, com exceção do Reforce + ácido salicílico a 5% (3 mL L-1), seis dias antes da inoculação. Os tratamentos com ASM, com exceção da dosagem 0,15 g L-1 seis dias antes da inoculação, apresentaram resultados similares aos dos fungicidas metalaxil e Mancozeb. Plantas pulverizadas com ASM apresentaram aumento de atividade da peroxidase e beta-1,3-glucanase e maior concentração de lignina que a testemunha. No entanto, esses tratamentos não tiverem efeito sobre a atividade da quitinase. O ASM é um potencial indutor de resistência a P. palmivora em mamoeiro.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential use of biotic and abiotic elicitors of resistance in the reduction of root rot in papaya. Papaya seedlings were sprayed with the fosetil-Al and metalaxyl and Mancozeb (2 g L-1) fungicides, with the potassium phosphite (2.5 and 5 mL L-1), salicylic acid 0.15 e 0.30%, Reforce (commercial product) + salicylic acid 5%, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (0.15 and 0.30 g L-1) abiotic elicitors, and with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 and 6 mL L-1) biotic elicitor, applied three and six days before the inoculation with 1 mL of 10(5) zoospores mL-1 suspension of Phytophthora palmivora. All treatments were effective in controlling papaya root rot in comparison with the control, except for the Reforce + salicylic acid 5% (3 mL L-1) treatment applied six days before inoculation. The treatments with the ASM elicitor, except for the 0.15 g L-1 dosage applied six days before inoculation, had control levels similar to those of the metalaxyl and Mancozeb fungicide. Plants sprayed with ASM presented increased peroxidase and beta-1,3-glucanase activity and higher lignin content than the control. However, these treatments had no effect on chitinase activity. ASM is a potential elicitor for resistance to P. palmivora in papaya

    Características e rendimento de vagem do feijão-vagem em função de fontes e doses de matéria orgânica Characteristics and yield of snap-bean pod in function of sources and levels of organic matter

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    Com o objetivo de avaliar doses e fontes de matéria orgânica na cultura do feijão-vagem, cultivar Macarrão Trepador, instalou-se um experimento em condições de campo no período de julho a novembro de 1998, no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. O delineamento experimental empregado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, compreendendo quatro fontes de matéria orgânica (esterco de galinha, esterco bovino, esterco caprino e húmus de minhoca) e cinco doses, sendo 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 t/ha de esterco de galinha; e, 0; 10; 20; 30 e 40 t/ha de esterco bovino, caprino e húmus de minhoca, em quatro repetições. Utilizaram-se parcelas com 20 plantas, espaçadas de 1,00 x 0,50 m. Os resultados indicaram que o comprimento de vagens aumentou linearmente com as doses de estercos de galinha, de bovino e de caprino. O peso médio de vagens foi influenciado apenas pelo esterco de galinha. O húmus de minhoca não exerceu efeito sobre a característica e a produtividade de vagens. O esterco de galinha na dose de 13,0 t/ha proporcionou rendimento máximo de vagens (26,3 t/ha), o esterco bovino na dose de 24,0 t/ha produziu 30,3 t/ha e o esterco caprino, na dose de 16,6 t/ha, produziu 23,0 t/ha. A análise econômica indicou a dose de 11 t/ha de esterco de galinha e de 23,0 t/ha de esterco bovino, como as mais viáveis economicamente para adubação orgânica no feijão-vagem, resultando num rendimento estimado de 11,3 e 21,2 t/ha de vagens e uma receita prevista de 8.000 e 21.000 kg/ha de vagens, respectivamente. Para o esterco caprino, 20 t/ha apresentou saldo um pouco superior à sua ausência, enquanto 10 t/ha de húmus de minhoca revelou saldo de R2.336,00/ha,poreˊm,inferioraˋsuaause^ncia.Concluise,pois,quenascondic\co~esemquefoirealizadaapresentepesquisa,na~oeˊvantajosooempregodoestercocaprinoedohuˊmusdeminhocacomofontesdemateˊriaorga^nicaparaprogramasdeproduc\ca~odevagensemfeija~ovagem.<br>Withtheobjectiveofevaluatinglevelsandsourcesoforganicmatterinthecultureofthesnapbean,Macarra~oTrepadorcultivar,anexperimentinfieldconditionswassettedintheperiodfromJulytoNovember1998,intheFederalUniversityofParaıˊba,Brazil.Theexperimentaldesignwasofrandomizedblocks,infactorialscheme4x5,withfoursourcesoforganicmatter(chickenmanure,bovinemanure,goatmanureandearthwormcompost)andfivelevels(0,5,10,15and20t/haofchickenmanureand,0,10,20,30and40t/haofbovinemanure,goatmanureandearthwormcompost),infourreplications.Plotswereof20plants,space1.00x0.50m.Theresultsindicatedthatthelengthofbeansincreasedlinearlywiththelevelsofchicken,bovineandgoatmanure.Theaverageweightofpodswasjustinfluencedbychickenmanure.Theearthwormcompostdidntexerciseeffectonthecharacteristicsandtheproductivityofpods.Theuseof13.0t/haofchickenmanureprovidedmaximumyieldofpods(26.3t/ha),thebovinemanureinthelevelof24.0t/haproduced30.3t/haandthegoatmanureinthelevelof16.6t/haproduced23.0t/ha.Theeconomicalanalysisindicatedtheuseof11t/haofchickenmanureand23t/haofbovinemanurethemostviablesourcesoforganicfertilizationinsnapbean,byresultinginaproductivityof11.3and21.2t/haofpodsandaforeseenyieldof8and21t/haofpods,respectively.Forthegoatmanure,theuseof20t/harevealedtobealittlesuperiorcomparedtoitsabsence,while10t/haofearthwormcompostshowedabalanceofR 2.336,00/ha, porém, inferior à sua ausência. Conclui-se, pois, que nas condições em que foi realizada a presente pesquisa, não é vantajoso o emprego do esterco caprino e do húmus de minhoca como fontes de matéria orgânica para programas de produção de vagens em feijão-vagem.<br>With the objective of evaluating levels and sources of organic matter in the culture of the snap-bean, Macarrão Trepador cultivar, an experiment in field conditions was setted in the period from July to November 1998, in the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, in factorial scheme 4 x 5, with four sources of organic matter (chicken manure, bovine manure, goat manure and earthworm compost) and five levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t/ha of chicken manure and, 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t/ha of bovine manure, goat manure and earthworm compost), in four replications. Plots were of 20 plants, space 1.00 x 0.50 m. The results indicated that the length of beans increased linearly with the levels of chicken, bovine and goat manure. The average weight of pods was just influenced by chicken manure. The earthworm compost didn't exercise effect on the characteristics and the productivity of pods. The use of 13.0 t/ha of chicken manure provided maximum yield of pods (26.3 t/ha), the bovine manure in the level of 24.0 t/ha produced 30.3 t/ha and the goat manure in the level of 16.6 t/ha produced 23.0 t/ha. The economical analysis indicated the use of 11 t/ha of chicken manure and 23 t/ha of bovine manure the most viable sources of organic fertilization in snap-bean, by resulting in a productivity of 11.3 and 21.2 t/ha of pods and a foreseen yield of 8 and 21 t/ha of pods, respectively. For the goat manure, the use of 20 t/ha revealed to be a little superior compared to its absence, while 10 t/ha of earthworm compost showed a balance of R 2.336.00/ha, but inferior to its absence. In the conditions of the present research, the use of goat manure and earthworm compost as organic matter sources is not advantageous for programs of snap bean pods production
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